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UC-NRLF 


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The  Work 

of  the 

Red  Cross 


^^^il^RA/f'^, 


American  Red  Cross 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


m. 


CONTENT 


^V 


Page 

THE  WORK  IN  AMERICA 7-73 

The   War   Council 8 

The   War   Fund 10 

A  Campaign  for  $100,000,000 11 

More   Money   Will   Be   Needed 12 

Collection  of  the  War  Fund 13 

Expenditures    Carefully    Made 14 

Gifts  Other  Than  Money 15 

The   National   Organization 16 

Foreign   Relief    16 

Medical   Advisory   Committee 17 

The   General    Maiiager    17 

Military    Relief     .^. .  18 

Bureau  of  Naval   Affairs 19 

Civilian  Relief    19 

Office    of    Records    and    International 

Interests    19 

Other  Bureaus  and  Officers 20 

Red  Cross  Salaries 22 

Volunteers    at    Headquarters 23 

Chapters    and    Members 27 

A    Membership    of    More    Than    Five 

Million    27 

The    Junior    Red    Cross 27 

Junior    Auxiliaries     29 

Naval   Auxiliaries    29 

Chapter   Administration   Decentralized.  31 
Red   Cross   Map   of   United   States....  32 

Country  Subdivided   33 

Handling    the    Chapter    Output 38 

Co-ordination  of  Relief  Work 39 

The    Program    of    Co-ordination 39 

Organizations    Co-operating    with    the 
Red    Cross 41-43 

Work  for  the  American  Army  and  Navy  44 

Base  Hospitals   44 

Ambulance   Companies    46 

The  Red  Cross  and  the  Navy 47 

A    General    Navy    Hospital    in    Phila- 
delphia      48 

The    Ambulance    Ship    ''Surf" 48 

Laboratory    Cars    48 

Bureau    of    Sanitary    Service 49 

The   Work    of   the    Sanitary    Units 50 

The  Prevention  of  Malaria , 51 

The  Bureau  of  Camp  Service 51 

Field  Directors  at  the  Camps 52 

More    Sweaters,    Etc.,    Needed 52 

Home    Service    53 

Refreshment    of   Troops   En   Route 53 

Christmas    Celebration 55 

Mobilization    of    Nurses 55 

Reinforcing  the  Nursing  Service 56 

Conference  on  Nursing  Problems 56 

Work  for  Civilians 59 

Government  Aid  to  Dependent  Families  59 

Home    Service    60 

Division  Directors  of  Civilian  Relief. .  60 

Training  Workers  in  Home  Service 61 

Home  Service  Institutes   , 62 

Disaster  Relief 63 

Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service 64 

Woman's  Work    65 

Surgical  Dressings 66 

Hospital  Supplies   66 

Knit  Goods   67 

Comfort    Kits    67 


Page 

Red   Cross   iNaTRUcxioN 69 

First    Aid 69 

Sanitary    Training    Detachments 70 

Appropriations  for  Work  in  the  United 
States    71-73 

THE  WORK  IN  EUROPE 74-144 

France   75 

The  Commission  to  France 75 

Infant  Welfare  Unit 76 

Tuberculosis    Commission    76 

Medical    Advisory    Committee 76 

General    Advisory    Committee 77 

Woman's  War   Relief   Corps 77 

Nursing  Service   78 

Organization  in  France 78 

General  Policies  79 

The  Needs  of  France  80 

Striking     Details     of     the     Work     in 

France    81-84 

Estimates   of   Expenditures 84 

Red  Cross  Transportation  Service 85 

Military  Relief: 

Work   for  the   American   Army 86 

Relieving  the   "Antilles"    Survivors. .  87 

Comforts  for  the  Soldiers 88 

A    Shipment    of    Tobacco 88 

Railway   Canteens    89 

American  Women  in  Canteens 90 

Canteens    at    Work 91 

Base  Hospitals   92 

A   Hospital   Under   Fire 93 

Other  Hospitals  Taken  Over 95 

Hospital    Supply    Service 95 

How  the  Warehouses  Help 97 

Military    Medical    Research 98 

Relief  of  Sick  and  Wounded  Soldiers.  100 
New  Uniforms  for  American  Nurses.  101 

Civilian   Relief  : 

Work   for   Refugees    102 

Foodstuffs  for  the  Sick  and  Needy..  102 
Distributing  Relief  Along  the  Front.. 103 

Restoring  French  Villages 104 

Housing    Problems    105 

Co-operation   with  the   Friends'    So- 
ciety  1C6 

Caring  for  the   Repatriated 107 

Relief    of  '  Invalided    Soldiers 108 

The    Mutilated    and    Blind 108 

France    Losing    Population 109 

Special  Relief  for  Children 110 

Prevention    of    Tuberculosis 1  lii 

A    Tuberculosis    Sanatorium 113 

Work  with  the  Tubercular  in  Paris.  114 
Les  Tuberculeux  de  la  Guerre 114 

Dbt.ul  of  Appropriations  in  France. 115-119 

Belgium    120-121 

England    122-124 

iT.ttY     125-120 

Russia    127-130 

Roumania    131-133 

Serbia  134-137 

Armenia    138 

Care    of    American    Prisoners    in    Ger- 

M  ANY   139 

Appropriations    for    Europe    Outside    ok 

France     142-144 

Recapitulation  of  Appropriations 144 

Misrepresentations  of  the  Red  Cross..  145 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  .CROSS 

Founded  1881— Incorporated  1905 

President  Woodrow  Wilson 

Vice-President   Robert  W.  de  Forest 

Treasurer John  Skelton  Williams 

Counselor    John  W.  Davis 

Secretary 'General   F.  W.  M.  Cutcheon 

General  Manager Harvey  D.  Gibson 

Comptroller    Charles  G.  DuBois 

Central  Committee 

Appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States 
William  Howard  Taft,  Chairman 
Eliot  Wadsworth,  Vice-Chairman 
Robert  Lansing,  Secretary  of  State,  to  represent  .the  Department 

of  State. 
John    Skelton    Williams,   Comptroller    of   the    Currency,   United 

States  Treasury,  to  represent  the  Treasury  Department. 
Major  General  William  C.  Gorgas,  Surgeon-General  U.  S.  A.,  to 

represent  the  War  Department. 
Rear- Admiral  William  C.  Braisted,  Surgeon-General  U.  S.  N.,  to 

represent  the  Navy  Department. 
John  W.  Davis,  Solicitor  General,  to  represent  the  Department  of 

Justice. 

Elected  by  Board  of  Incorporators 

Miss  Mabel  T.  Boardman,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Robert  W.  de  Forest,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
John  Bassett  Moore,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Judge  W.  W.  Morrow,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Albert  A.  Sprague,  II,  Chicago,  111. 
James  Tanner,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Elected  by  Delegates 

Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  Jr.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
John  M.  Glenn,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Franklin  K.  Lane,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Alfred  T.  White,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
Charles  D.  Norton,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Henry  P.  Davison,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

3 

aG9445 


Executive  Committee 

» 

Elected  by  the  Central  Committee 
William  Howard  Taft,  Chairman  ex-officio 
Eliot  Wadsworth,  V ice-Chairman  ex-officio 

Major  General  William  C.  Gorgas       Miss  Mabel  T.  Boardman 
Rear-Admiral  William  C.  Braisted      Henry  P.  Davison 
Franklin  K.  Lane  Robert  W.  de  Forest 

Charles  D,  Norton 


War  Council 

Appointed  by  the  President 

Henry  P.  Davison,  Chairman 
Charles  D.  Norton  William  Howard  Taft,    ex-officio 

Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  Jr. 
Major  Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy 
John  D.  Ryan.  Eliot  Wadsworth,    ex-officio 


The  Work  of  the 
American  Red  Cross 


To  the  American  People: 

The  Red  Cross  War  Council  herewith  reports  on  the  work 
of  the  Red  Cross  during  the  almost  six  months  which  have 
elapsed  since  its  appointment  by  the  President. 

Included  herein  are  details  as  to  collections  on  account  of 
the  War  Fund  and  appropriations  made  from  the  Fund,  up 
to  November  1st. 

The  growth  of  Red  Cross  activities  among  the  suffering 
civilian  populations  in  the  different  allied  countries  is,  up  to 
this  time,  the  outstanding  feature  of  Red  Cross  work  in  this 
war.  The  magnitude  of  the  work  in  France  is  particularly 
impressive. 

Broadly  speaking,  the  Red  Cross  War  Council  has  proceeded 
upon  the  theory  that  the  present  work  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  should  contribute  to  these  great  aims. 

1.  Tc  he  ready  to  care  for  our  soldiers  and  sailors  on  duty 
wherever  and  whenever  that  care  may  be  needed. 

2.  To  shorten  the  War — by  strengthening  the  morale  of  the 
aUied  peoples  and  their  armies,  by  alleviating  their  sufferings  in  the 
period  which  must  elapse  until  the  American  army  can  become  fully 
effective  abroad. 

3.  To  lay  foundations  for  an  enduring  peace — ^by  extending  a 
message  of  practical  relief  and  sympathy  to  the  civilian  population 
among  our  Allies,  carrying  to  them  an  expression  of  the  finest  side 
of  the  American  character. 

The  American  people  have  generously  supported  the  work 
of  the  Red  Cross,  and  this  report  of  activity  is  given  with 
great  fullness  in  the  hope  that  through  it  the  public  may  realize 
both  the  obligation  and  the  opportunity  which  the  future 
presents. 

5 


The  American  Red  Cross  is  attempting  to  respond  to  the 
most  beseeching  and  far-reaching  appeal  ever  made  for  mercy 
and  relief. 

The  American  people  are  to-day  the  richest  people  in  the 
world,  the  richest  in  resources,  richest  in  average  intelligence, 
richest  in  obligations  and  in  opportunities.  The  Red  Cross  aims 
to  express  in  works  of  mercy  the  hearts  and  souls  of  America  and 
to  bind  up  the  wounds  of  a  bleeding  world. 

Up  to  date  approximately  $85,000,000  in  cash  has  been  col- 
lected for  the  War  Fund.  Of  this  amount  about  $40,000,000 
has  been  appropriated.  The  demands,  however,  in  Europe,  are 
increasing  with  great  rapidity  and  on  the  present  basis  of 
expenditure  the  $100,000,000  War  Fund  cannot  last  much  beyond 
Spring. 

Following  the  preliminary  report  recently  made  on  the  work 
in  Europe  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  the  War  Council  presents 
herewith  a  summary  of  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross,  both  in  the 
United  States  and  in  Europe,  from  May  10,  1917,  to  November 
1,  1917. 

During  this  period  the  War  Council  appropriated  from  the 
War  Fund  for  work  in  the  United  States  $3,310,216.60.  Besides 
this  $7,659,000  was  advanced  from  the  War  Fund  for  the  pur- 
chase of  materials  for  use  by  the  Chapters.  This  will  be  returned 
to  the  War  Fund.  The  sum  of  $20,601,240.47  was  appropriated 
for  use  in  France  and  $7,284,576.39  for  use  in  other  countries 
abroad. 


6 


Part  One 

The  Work  in  America 


The  principal  purposes  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  its 
work  in  the  United  States  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

1.  To  take  such  measures  as  are  necessary,  in  co-operation  with 
the  Army  and  Navy,  for  the  protection  of  the  health  and  welfare  of 
soldiers  in  camps  and  cantonments,  and  of  civilians  whose  welfare 
is  involved  in  war  conditions. 

2.  To  stimulate  and  guide  the  volunteer  work  of  women  in  the 
manufacture  of  supplies  and  comforts  needed  by  troops  and  civilians 
abroad  and  by  men  in  training  in  this  country. 

3.  To  co-operate  with  the  Government  and  with  all  relief  agen- 
cies in  caring  for  the  dependent  families  of  men  in  the  military  and 
naval  service,  and  to  relieve  suffering  caused  by  any  disaster. 

4.  To  maintain  at  the  lowest  cost  consistent  with  efficiency,  ma- 
chinery to  assure  the  uninterrupted  performance  of  these  duties  and 
of  the  relief  work  in  Europe. 


While  this  record  deals  chiefly  with  policies  initiated  by  the 
War  Council  and  activities  directed  by  the  National  Head- 
quarters of  the  Red  Cross,  it  must  be  remembered  that,  in 
fact,  the  chapters  are  the  Red  Cross.  They  are  the  source  of 
the  money  and  the  supplies  which  are  bringing  relief  to  wounded 
men  and  destitute  families  in  all  the  allied  countries;  in  our 
own  country  they  are  the  local  centers  of  the  same  beneficent 
activity.  Their  work  must  show  a  wide  variety  and  it  is  impos- 
sible here  to  enumerate  the  many  enterprises  which  the  3,287 
chapters  have  now  under  way. 

This  report  does  indicate,  however,  all  the  channels  of  na- 
tional relief  through  which  the  endeavor  of  Red  Cross  members, 
more  than  5,000,000  in  number,  is  now  being  directed. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  THE  WAR  COUNCIL 

On  May  10,  1917,  President  Wilson,  as  President  of  the 
American  Red  Cross,  appointed  a  War  Council  of  seven  mem- 
bers to  direct  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  extraordinary 
emergency  created  by  the  entrance  of  the  United  States  into  the 
war. 

In  a  letter  to  the  Chairman  of  the  War  Council,  the  President 
said: 

The  close  co-operation  between  the  American  National  Red 
Cross  and  the  military  branch  of  the  Government  has  already  sug- 
gested new  avenues  of  helpfulness  in  the  immediate  business  of  our 
organization  for  war,  but  the  present  crisis  is  larger  than  that  and 
there  are  unlimited  opportunities  of  broad  humanitarian  service  in 
view  for  the  American  National  Red  Cross. 

•Battlefield  relief  will  be  effected  through  Red  Cross  agencies 
operating  under  the  supervision  of  the  War  Department,  but  civilian 
relief  will  present  a  field  of  increasing  opportunity  in  which  the 
Red  Cross  organization  is  especially  adapted  to  serve,  and  I  am 
hopeful  that  our  people  will  realize  that  there  is  probably  no  other 
agency  with  which  they  can  associate  themselves  which  can  respond 
so  effectively  and  universally  to  allay  suffering  and  relieve  distress. 

The  original  members  of  the  War  Council  were: 

HENRY  p.  DAVISON,  Chairman 
of  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Co.,  New  York 

CHARLES  D.  NORTON,  of  New  York. 
Vice-President,  First  National  Bank. 

MAJOR  GRAYSON  M.-P.  MURPHY,  of  New  York. 
Vice-President,  Guaranty  Trust  Company. 

CORNELIUS  N.  BLISS,  JR.,  of  New  York. 
BUss,  Fabyan  &  Company. 

EDWARD  N.  HURLEY,  of  Chicago. 

Formerly  Chairman  of  the  Federal  Trade  Conimissioo« 

Ex-officio 

WILLLA.M  HOWARD  TAFT,  Chairman,  and 

ELIOT  WADSWORTH, 

Vice-Cbairman  of  the  Central  Committee  of  the  Red  Crosa. 


Mr.  Hurley  subsequently  resigned,  becoming  Chairman  of 
the  Shipping  Board.  His  place  on  the  War  Council  was  filled 
by  the  appointment  of  John  D.  Ryan,  President  of  the  Anaconda 
Copper  Mining  Company  of  Butte,  Montana. 

In  announcing  this  action,  the  President  issued  the  follow- 
ing statement: 

I  have  today  created  within  the  Red  Cross  a  War  Council  to 
which  will  be  entrusted  the  duty  of  responding  to  the  extraordinary 
demands  which  the  present  war  will  make  upon  the  services  of  the 
Red  Cross,  both  in  the  field  and  in  civilian  relief. 

The  best  way  in  which  to  impart  the  greatest  efficiency  and  en- 
ergy to  the  relief  work  which  this  war  will  entail  will  be  to  concen- 
trate it  in  the  hands  of  a  single  experienced  organization  which  has 
been  recognized  by  law  and  by  international  convention  as  the  public 
instrumentality  for  such  purposes.  Indeed,  such  a  concentration  of 
administrative  action  in  this  matter  seems  to  me  absolutely  necessary, 
and  I  hereby  earnestly  call  upon  those  who  can  contribute  either 
great  sums  or  small  to  the  alleviation  of  the  suffering  and  distress 
which  must  inevitably  arise  out  of  this  fight  for  humanit3''  and 
democracy,  to  contribute  to  the  Red   Cross. 

It  will  be  one  of  the  first  and  most  necessary  tasks  of  the  new 
War  Council  of  the  Red  Cross  to  raise  great  sums  of  money  for  the 
support  of  the  work  to  be  done  and  done  upon  a  great  scale.  I 
hope  that  the  response  to  their  efforts  will  be  a  demonstration  of 
the  generosity  of  America  and  the  power  of  genuine  practical  sym- 
pathy among  our  people  that  will  command  the  admiration  of  the 
whole  world. 


9 


II 


THE  WAR  FUND 

The  first  task  of  the  War  Council  after  its  appointment  on 
May  10,  1917,  was  to  secure  an  adequate  fund  with  which  to 
begin  the  tremendous  work  which  the  Red  Cross  is  called  upon 
to  do.  A  National  War  Finance  Committee,  headed  by  Cleve- 
land H.  Dodge,  of  New  York,  was  appointed  by  President  Wilson 
to  undertake  the  financial  campaign.  Henry  P.  Davison  was 
Vice-Chairman  of  the  Committee ;  Seward  Prosser,  of  New  York, 
Executive  Committee  Chairman;  Charles  S.  Ward,  Secretarial 
Harvey  J.  Hill,  Associate  Secretary;  and  William  G.  McAdoo, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Treasurer. 

Other  members  of  the  Committee  were: 

CORNELIUS  N.  BLISS,  Je.,  of  New  York. 
HENRY  L.  COJIBETT,  of  Portland,  Ore. 
WILLIAM  H.  CROCKER,  of  San  Francisco. 
R.  F.  GRANT,  of  Cleveland,  O. 
FRANK  B.  HAYNE,  of  New  Orleans. 
FRANCIS  L.  HIGGINSON,  Jr.,  of  Boston. 
LOUIS  W.  HILL,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
VANCE  C.  McCORMICK,  of  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
JOHN  B.  MILLER,  Pasadena,  Calif. 
HENRY  MORGENTHAU,  of  New  York. 
CHARLES  D.  NORTON,  of  New  York. 
FRANK  S.  PEABODY,  of  Chicago. 
GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER,  of  Philadelphia. 
LAWRENCE  C.  PHIPPS,  Sr.,  of  Denver. 
JULIUS  ROSENWALD,  of  Chicago. 
JOSEPH  P.  TUMULTY,  of  Washington. 
FESTUS  J.  WADE,  of  St.  Louis. 
ELIOT  WADSWORTH,  of  Boston. 

President   Wilson    designated   the   week   of   June    18th    to 
June  25th  as  ''Red  Cross  Week"  by  the  following  proclamation: 

Inasmuch  as  our  thoughts  as  a  nation  are  now  turned  in  united 
purpose  towards  the  performance  to  the  utmost  of  the  service  and 
duties  which  we  have  assumed  in  the  cause  of  justice  and  libertj^; 

Inasmuch  as  but  a  small  proportion  of  our  people  can  have  the 
opportunity  to  serve  upon  the  actual  field  of  battle,  but  all  men, 
women  and  children  alike  may  serve  and  serve  effectively  by  making 

10 


it  possible  to  care  properly  for  those   who   do  serve   under  arms 
at  home  and  abroad; 

And  inasmuch  as  the  American  Red  Cross  is  the  official  reco;:- 
nized  agency  for  ^'oluntary  effort  in  behalf  of  the  armed  forces 
of  the  nation  and  for  the  administration  of  relief; 

Now,  therefore,  by  virtue  of  my  authority  as  President  of  the 
United  Stat€\s  and  President  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  I,  Wood- 
row  Wilson,  do  hereby  proclaim  the  week  ending  June  25,  1917,  as 
"Red  Cross  Week,"  during  which  the  people  of  the  United  States 
will  be  called  upon  to  give  generously  and  in  a  spirit  of  patriotic 
sacrifice  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  this  work  of  national 
need.  (Signed)     Woodkow    Wilson. 

Washington,  D.  C,  May  25,  1917. 

Plans  for  the  campaign  were  outlined  at  the  first  conference 
of  the  War  Council  held  in  AVashington,  May  24-25.  Speakers 
at  this  conference  included  General  John  J.  Pershing,  Secretary 
of  War  Newton  D.  Baker,  Ian  Malcolm,  representing  the  British 
Red  Cross  with  the  British  Mission  then  in  Washington ;  Herbert 
C.  Hoover,  John  H.  Gade,  who  had  assisted  Mr.  Hoover  in  the 
Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium;  Frederick  Wolcott,  who  had 
represented  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  in  Poland,  and,  from 
the  War  Council  and  Campaign  Committee,  former  President 
Taft,  Mr.  Davison,  Mr.  Bliss,  Mr.  Wadsworth,  Mr.  Hurley, 
Mr.  Norton,  and  Mr.  Charles  S.  Ward. 


A  Campaign  for  $100,000,000 

It  was  decided  to  ask  the  American  people  for  $100,000,000, 
which  amount  was  carefully  apportioned  to  states,  cities  and 
towns  throughout  the  country.  A  nation-wide  organization  was 
improvised  by  the  National  War  Finance  Committee  to  handle 
the  campaign,  by  far  the  greatest  ever  conducted  for  philan- 
thropic purposes.  The  chapters,  which  were  called  upon  to 
conduct  the  local  campaigns,  responded  with  great  enthusiasm. 
Not  only  did  many  of  them  voluntarily  increase  the  allotments 
given  them,  but  practically  every  city  in  the  country  exceeded  the 
goal  set  for  it. 

At  the  beginning  of  Red  Cross  Week  President  Wilson  sent 
the  following  telegram  to  the  mayors  of  one  hundred  cities  in 
which  intensive  campaigns  had  been  planned: 

The  American  people,  by  their  overwhelming  subscription  to  the 
Liberty  Loan,  have  given  a  new  endorsement  to  the  high  prin- 
ciples for  which  America  entered  the  war.  During  the  week  now 
beginning,  which  I  have  designated  as  "Red  Cross  Week,"  they  will 

n 


have  a  unique  privilege  of  manifesting  America's  unselfishness  as 
well  as  the  real  spirit  of  sacrifice  that  animates  our  people. 

May  I  urge  that  your  city  do  its  part  in  the  raising  of  the 
$100,000,000  Red  Cross  War  Fund,  measuring  the  generosity  of  its 
gifts  by  the  urgency  of  the  need?  Woodrow  Wilson. 


The  Results  of  the  Campaign 

The  response  of  the  American  people  to  the  appeal  for  the 
Red  Cross  was  prompt  and  generous.  A  sum  in  excess  of  $100,- 
000,000  was  pledged  to  the  American  Red  Cross  during  the  War. 
Fund  campaign.  In  addition  to  many  large  gifts  made  by  private 
individuals,  "Red  Cross  dividends"  were  declared  by  banks,  cor- 
porations and  business  concerns  of  all  kinds.  Some  of  these 
gifts,  notably  that  from  the  Rockefeller  Foundation,  and  the 
special  dividends .  from  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  and 
the  Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company,  amounted  to  millions  of 
dollars. 

The  pledging  of  so  large  a  sum  clearly  betokened  the  desire 
of  the  American  people  that  the  Red  Cross  should  measure  up 
to  the  extraordinary  demand  upon  merciful  effort  created  by 
this,  the  most  tragic  of  all  wars. 

Behind  this  contribution  of  money  stand  more  than  5,000,- 
000  members  of  the  American  Red  Cross.  The  membership  is 
constantly  increasing,  and  these  members  are  not  only  ready  to 
do,  but  are  actually  doing,  their  part  in  the  world  task  the 
American  Red  Cross  has  undertaken. 

The  Red  Cross  has  not  yet  finally  determined  its  complete 
program  of  action,  but  at  all  times  work  which  it  may  be  called 
upon  to  do  for  our  own  Army  and  Navy  will  have  first  place 
in  its  consideration. 

The  War  Council  has  been  impressed  with  the  preparations 
made  by  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  to  care  for  the  health 
and  safety  of  the  men  composing  our  armed  forces,  and  the 
American  Red  Cross  regards  it  as  an  obligation  to  have  avail- 
able at  all  times  a  sufficient  portion  of  its  funds  to  enable  it 
to  perform  any  relief  or  emergency  service  for  our  own  soldiers 
and  sailors  that  may  be  needed. 


More  Money  will  be  Needed 

It  is  already  clear  that  if  the  generous  impulse  behind  the 
Red  Cross  movement  in  the  United  States  is  to  find  full  expres- 

12 


sion,  work  for  suffering  humanity  upon  a  scale  beyond  prece- 
dent or  anticipation  will  have  to  be  undertaken.  This  will  re- 
quire funds  much  in  excess  of  those  already  pledged. 

Questions  have  been  raised  as  to  why  work  of  such  magnitude 
an^  consequence  should  not  be  an  object  of  Government  instead 
of  private  endeavor.    The  answer  is  threefold: 

1.  Through  the  Red  Cross  men,  women  or  children,  though  they 
cannot  go  to  the  front,  can  find  a  way  to  aid  those  at  the  front. 
Thus  the  volunteer  spirit,  a  very  precious  asset,  has  an  effective 
means  of  expressing  itself. 

2.  Through  the  Red  Cross  one-half  the  nation,  namely,  the 
women,  can  most  effectively  serve  their  country  in  the  war  emer- 
gency; and 

3.  By  concentrating  through  such  a  volunteer  organization  as 
the  Red  Cross,  relief  work  can  be  accomplished  with  less  delay  and 
with  more  economy. 

This  world  calamity  gives  to  the  Red  Cross  an  opportunity 
to  give  expression  to  the  best  and  most  characteristic  side  of 
American  life,  and  to  do  it  on  a  scale  called  for  by  the  immensity 
of  the  sorrow  and  distress  of  mankind. 


Collection  of  the  War  Fundi 

After  the  War  Fund  had  been  pledged,  there  remained  the 
great  task  of  collecting,  during  a  considerable  period  of  partial 
payments,  so  large  a  sum — the  largest  ever  pledged  in  such  a 
campaign — from  points  scattered  all  over  the  United  States. 
An  organization  capable  of  handling  this  work  had  to  be  built 
up  and  adequate  supervision  provided. 

The  Central  Trust  Company  of  New  York,  in  compliance 
with  the  request  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross, 
is  acting  as  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  War  Fund,  without  pay. 
At  its  own  expense  the  Assistant  Treasurer  maintains  a  War 
Fund  office  in  New  York  and  has  established  an  office  with  25 
employees  at  National  Headquarters  in  Washington. 

The  War  Fund  is  deposited  locally  throughout  the  country 
by  the  chapters  and  campaign  committees,  as  it  is  collected,  all 
deposits  being  made  in  the  name  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Fund, 
William  G.  McAdoo,  Treasurer,  subject  to  check  of  William 
G.  McAdoo,  Treasurer,  and  the  Central  Trust  Company  of  New 
York,  Assist«T}t  Treasurer.    At  present  there  are  approximately 

13 


3,500  banks  holding  Red  Cross  War  Fund  deposits.  The  cash 
which  has  actually  come  under  control  of  the  Assistant  Treas- 
urer is  now  approximately  $85,000,000. 

The  total  amount  collected  in  each  state,  territory  and  foreign 
country,  as  of  November  1,  1917,  is  as  follows: 


District  Amount 

Alabama $296,281.11 

Alaska 12,009.01 

Arizona 108,032.49 

Arkansas. 238,718.93 

California 2,616,848.92 

Colorado 970,528.39 

Connecticut 1,958,414.71 

Delaware 1,088,400.48 

District  of  Columbia. .  152,018.57 

Florida 239,974.81 

Georgia 309,823.73 

Guam 1,884.12 

Idaho 121,996.04 

lUinois 4,251,110.21 

Indiana 1,056,092.52 

Iowa 1,228,943.39 

Kansas 1,149,592.31 

Kentucky 371,924.40 

Louisiana 722,975.42 

Maine. 606,055.34 

Maryland 645,416.26 

Massachusetts 5,124,777.62 

Michigan 2,373,325.07 

Minnesota 1,628,112.33 

Mississippi 106,123.41 

Missouri 1,589,170.14 

Montana 131,752.02 

Nebraska 514,799.35 

Nevada 26,950.79 

New  Hampshire 265,845.74 


District  ^tmount 

New  Mexico $87,119.22 

New  Jersey 3,324,873.84 

New  York 24,416,386.41 

North  Carolina 226,339.74 

North  Dakota 119,639.54 

Ohio 4,572,501.07 

Oklahoma 475,714.00 

Oregon 205,078.28 

Panama 11,536.06 

Pennsylvania 9,181,100.27 

Philippine  Islands.  .  . .  1,374.61 

Porto  Pico 384.02 

Rhode  Island 839,893.87 

South  Carolina 268,709.48 

South  Dakota 113,138.38 

Tennessee 491,014.39 

Texas 995,517.48 

Utah 154,444.66 

Vermont 141,349.80 

Virginia 327,529.24 

Washington 1,015,159.62 

West  Virginia 358,702.39 

Wisconsin 1,194,155.17 

Wyoming 169,354.89 

Hawaii 42,861.25 

Chile 7,658.00 

Cuba 10,808.35 

Mexico 10.00 

Nicaragua 128.00 


Expenditures  Carefully  Made 

Expenditures  from  the  fund  are  made  only  by  authority 
of  the  War  Council.  Under  the  terms  on  which  the  War  Fund 
was  subscribed,  the  chapters  are  permitted  to  request  the  refund 
of  a  portion  (not  to  exceed  25  per  cent)  of  the  money  actually 
collected  in  their  jurisdictions.  The  money  thus  received  by 
the  chapter  must  be  spent  for  local  relief  work  and  such  other 
local  expenses  as  are  approved  by  the  Red  Cross  War  Council. 

The  expense  of  raising  and  collecting  the  War  Fund  has 
proved  to  be  exceptionally  small.    Present  indications  are  that 


14 


it  will  amount  to  little  more  than  one-half  of  one  per  cent  of 
the  total,  and  it  will  certainly  not  exceed  one  per  cent.  This 
showing  has  been  made  possible  through  the  generosity  of  con- 
tributors in  many  cities  who  bore  personally  a  large  share  of 
these  expenses. 


Gifts  Other  Than  Money 

Large  as  these  gifts  of  money  are,  American  generosity  has 
expressed  itself  in  many  other  ways  that  are  equally  impressive. 
The  greatest  of  these  is,  of  course,  the  incalculable  amount  of 
time  and  labor  that  is  being  freely  given  by  the  American 
women  who  work  at  home  and  in  chapter  work-rooms  on  sur- 
gical dressings,  knit  goods,  hospital  garments  and  comfort  kits. 
An  estimate  of  the  value  of  this  work,  during  the  next  12  months, 
on  projects  already  under  way,  puts  the  total  at  $36,400,000. 
At  National  Headquarters,  at  the  various  division  headquarters 
and  at  chapters  throughout  the  country  men  and  women  of  un- 
usual ability  and  exceptional  training  are  devoting  part  or  all 
of  their  time  to  the  Red  Cross.  Property  owners  all  over  the 
United  States  have  given  houses  and  offices  free  or  at  a  reduced 
rental  for  the  use  of  chapters. 

Notable  special  gifts,  among  many  others  that  might  be  men- 
tioned, are  the  following: 

A  credit  of  $500,000  given  by  the  Ford  Motor  Compan3%  to  he 
used  for  automobiles,  motor  ambulances,  or  parts. 

A  credit  of  $250,000  for  telegraph  and  cable  service,  given  by  the 
Western  Union  Telegraph  Co. 

Cigarettes  to  the  number  of  1,500,000,  twenty  thousand  packages 
of  smoking  tobacco  and  10,000  cuts  of  chewing  tobacco,  given  by 
the  Liggett  and  Myers  Tobacco  Company  for  shipment  to  France. 

1,500  000  cigarettes  given  by  the  P.  Lorillard  Company. 

A  motor  kitchen  completely  equipped  for  service  in  France^ 
given  by  Louis  Sherry,  New  York. 

The  buildings  and  grounds  of  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Hospital 
in  Philadelphia,  which  had  been  condemned  by  the  city  in  the  course 
of  street  construction,  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Red  Cross,  rent  free, 
by  the  City   of  Philadelphia. 

Twenty  thousand  feet  of  warehouse  space,  valuable  docking  and 
terminal  facilities  and  expert  service,  at  the  Bush  Terminal,  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  given  by  Irving  T.  Bush. 


15 


Ill 


THE  NATIONAL  ORGANIZATION 

The  control  of  the  War  Fund  and  other  Red  Cross  funds, 
and  the  general  administration  of  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross, 
are  now  vested  in  the  Executive  Committee,  elected  by  the 
Central  Committee,  and  the  War  Council,  appointed  by  the  Pres- 
ident. 

In  order  to  inform  itself  accurately  on  the  conditions  in 
foreign  countries  which  demand  such  relief  as  the  American 
Red  Cross  can  offer,  the  War  Council  has  sent  commissions  to 
France,  Russia,  Italy,  Roumania  and  Serbia,  each  composed  of 
specialists  in  medicine  and  general  relief,  business  men  and  other 
executives  of  large  experience.  Major  Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy, 
a  member  of  the  War  Council,  headed  the  Commission  to  France ; 
Dr.  Frank  Billings  that  to  Russia;  Henry  Watkins  Anderson 
that  to  Roumania;  George  F.  Baker,  Jr.,  that  to  Italy,  and  Cor- 
denio  Arnold  Severance  that  to  Serbia. 

A  Department  for  Belgium  has  been  estabhshed  by  the 
Commission  to  France,  which  has  general  supervision  of  all 
American  Red  Cross  relief  in  Europe,  and  a  Commissioner  and 
Deputy  Commissioner  have  also  been  sent  to  England.  These 
commissions  work  in  close  touch  with  American  military  and 
diplomatic  officers  abroad. 

The  recommendations  of  these  commissions  are  considered 
and  acted  upon  by  the  War  Council,  together  with  such  meas- 
ures as  are  developed  for  relief  in  this  country  in  co-operation 
with  the  National  Government.  The  whole  machinery  of  the 
Red  Cross  is  devoted  to  carrying  out  the  program  so  deter- 
mined. 


Foreign  Relief 

While  all  the  departments  and  bureaus  of  the  Red  Cross  are 
thus  concerned  in  the  work  abroad,  a  Department  of  Foreign 

16 


Relief  has  been  established  to  have  special  charge  of  the  requi- 
sitions for  material  and  requests  for  personnel  which  are  re- 
ceived from  the  commissions  and  approved  by  the  War  Council. 
Louis  J.  Horowitz,  president  of  the  Thompson-Starrett  Co.  of 
New  York,  is  Director  of  Foreign  Relief,  serving  without  pay. 
In  the  filling  of  requisitions  for  hospital  supplies  and  the  se- 
lection of  medical  and  nursing  personnel  for  foreign  service  the 
Director  of  Foreign  Relief  has  the  advice  and  assistance  of  a 
Bureau  of  Medical  Sendee  for  Foreign  Commissions.  Dr.  R.  M. 
Pearce,  of  Philadelphia,  Professor  of  Research  Medicine,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  the  Medical  Advisor^' 
Committee,  is  Director  of  the  Bureau;  Dr.  W.  C.  Bailey,  of 
Boston,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Medical  Advisory  Committee, 
Associate  Director,  and  Dr.  Ralph  Pembe^ton,  of  Philadelphia, 
Assistant. 


Medical  Advisory  Committee 

In  all  matters  relating  to  medicine  and  sanitation,  the  War 
Council  enjoys  the  advice  and  co-operation  of  the  following 
Medical  Advisory  Committee,  which  includes,  it  will  be  noted, 
some  of  the  foremost  physicians  and  sanitary  experts  of  the 
country : 

DR.  SIMON  FLEXNER,  of  New  York,  Chairman. 

Director  Rockefeller  Institute  for  Medical  Research. 
DR.  JOHN  W.  KERR,  of  Washington. 

Surgeon  General,  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 
DR.  HERMAN  M.  BIGGS,  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

Director  of  the  New  York  State  Department  of  Health, 
DR.  WILLIAM  H.  WELCH,  of  Baltimore. 

Director  of  School  of  Hygiene  and  Public  Health,  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
DR.  FRANK  BILLINGS,  of  Chicago. 

Professor  of  Medicine,  University  of  Chicago. 
DR.  M.  J.  ROSENAU,  of  Boston. 

Professor  of  Preventive  Medicine,  Harvard  University. 
DR.  WICKLIFFE  ROSE,  of  New  York. 

Director  of  the  International  Health  Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation, 
DR.  VICTOR  C.  VAUGHAN.  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

Professor  of  Hygiene  and  Physiological  Chemistry,  University  of  Michigan. 
DR.  CHARLES  V.  CHAPIN,  Providence,  R.  I. 

Department  of  Health. 
DR.  RICHARD  M.  PEARCE,  of  Philadelphia,  Secretary. 

Professor  of  Research  Medicine,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
DR.  WALTER  C.  BAILEY,  As.nstant  Secretary. 

Former  Chnirroan  of  the  Massachusetts  Commission  on  Tuberculosis. 
Ex-officio  members  of  the  Committee  are  the  Director-General  and  Assistant  Director- 
General  of  Military  Relief. 


The  General  Manager 

The  plans  and  policies  adopted  by  the  War  Council  and 
Executive  Committee  are  entrusted  for  execution  to  the  Acting 

17 


Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee.  The  Acting  Chairman  is 
now  a  member,  ex-officio,  of  the  War  Council,  a  position  which 
involves  so  much  attention  to  large  questions  of  policy  and  prac- 
tice that  it  has  been  found  desirable  to  delegate  the  duties  of 
the  operating  head  of  the  organization  to  a  new  officer,  the 
General  Manager.  Harvey  D.  Gibson,  President  of  the  Liberty 
National  Bank,  of  New  York,  has  been  appointed  to  this  office. 
The  whole  field  of  relief  is  divided  broadly  between  the 
Department  of  Military  Relief,  the  Bureau  of  Naval  Affairs 
and  the  Department  of  Civilian  Rehef,  each  with  an  executive 
head  reporting  to  the  General  Manager. 


Military  Relief 

The  Director-General  of  Military  Relief  has  charge  of  all 
work  for  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  except  such  service  to 
the  Expeditionary  Force  as  is  directly  administered  by  the 
Commission  to  France. 

Jesse  H.  Jones,  a  business  man  of  large  affairs,  of  Houston, 
Texas,  is  Director-General  of  Military  Relief.  Under  his  di- 
rection a  bureau  in  charge  of  Capt.  S.  R.  Burnap  handles  the 
organization  and  equipment  of  base  hospitals  and  hospital  units. 
Another  in  charge  of  Lt.  Col.  C.  H.  Connor  supervises  the  forma- 
tion of  ambulance  units,  instruction  in  first  aid,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  sanitary  training  detachments.  There  is  also  a  Bureau 
of  Sanitary  Service,  headed  by  Dr.  Paul  Preble,  co-operating 
with  Federal  and  State  authorities  in  the  sanitary  care  of  the 
districts  immediately  outside  the  limits  of  military  jurisdiction 
at  camps  and  cantonments. 

Work  with  troops  in  camp  or  travelling  under  military  orders 
is  in  charge  of  an  Assistant  Director-General  of  Military  Relief, 
Winthrop  M.  Crane,  Jr.,  Manager  of  the  Crane  Paper  Mills, 
of  Dalton,  Mass.  A  Bureau  of  Camp  Service,  headed  by  H.  S. 
Thompson,  operates  at  cantonments  and  Army  and  Navy  sta- 
tions to  increase  the  welfare  and  comfort  of  the  enlisted  men. 
A  Bureau  of  Canteen  Service,  Foster  Rockwell,  director,  super- 
vises the  work  of  refreshment  units  in  extending  courtesies  to 
men  on  troop  trains. 

18 


Bureau  of  Naval  Affairs 

The  Bureau  of  Naval  Affairs,  headed  by  Medical  Inspector 
T.  W.  Richards,  U.  S.  N.,  deals  with  matters  particularly  con- 
cerning the  Navy  and  co-operates  with  the  Department  of 
Military  Relief. 

Civilian  Relief 

The  Director  General  of  Civilian  Relief  is  W.  Frank  Per- 
sons, formerly  Director  of  the  Charity  Organization  Society, 
New  York.  The  most  important  war  activity  of  this  Depart- 
ment is  the  organization  and  supervision  of  home  service,  which 
includes  all  the  relief  work  done  locally  by  Red  Cross  Chapters 
for  the  benefit  of  the  dependent  families  of  absent  soldiers  and 
sailors,  as  well  as  the  after-care  and  employment  of  men  crip- 
pled in  the  service. 

Disaster  relief,  a  regular  peace-time  function  of  this  depart- 
ment, is  continued  as  needed  during  war.  The  Bureau  of  Town 
and  County  Nursing,  in  charge  of  Miss  Fannie  F.  Clement, 
enrolls  Red  Cross  public  health  nurses  for  special  service  in 
rural  communities  and  supervises  their  work.  This  department 
also  directs  the  annual  Red  Cross  Christmas  seal  campaign, 
conducted  co-operatively  by  the  Red  Cross  and  the  National 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis, 
which  realizes  large  sums  annually  for  the  fight  against  tuber- 
culosis. 

Office  of  Records  and  International  Interests 

The  Secretary-General  of  the  Red  Cross  is  in  charge  of 
the  Office  of  Records  and  International  Interests.  Franklin 
W.  M.  Cutcheon,  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Byrne,  Cutcheon 
&  Taylor  of  New  York,  has  been  appointed  to  this  office.  Its 
functions  include  matters  of  law  and  international  relations,  the 
protection  of  the  Red  Cross  insignia,  custody  of  Red  Cross 
Records  and  management  of  National  Headquarters,  and  the 
work  of  the  Division  of  Personnel,  the  Bureau  of  Communication, 
the  Bureau  of  American  Prisoners'  Relief,  which  transmits  food 
and  clothing  to  American  prisoners  in  Germany  by  way  of  Berne, 
Switzerland,  and  the  Bureau  of  Allied  Prisoners'  Relief,  which 
performs  similar  services  for  prisoners  from  the  forces  of  the 
Allies. 

19 


The  Bureau  of  Communication  is  prepared  to  answer  ques- 
tions concerning  all  matters  connected  with  individual  relief 
work  in  Europe  whenever  these  relate  to  members  of  the  Amer- 
ican Expeditionary  Forces,  to  prisoners  of  war,  or  to  people  in 
the  districts  occupied  by  the  Central  Powers.  Working  in  con- 
sultation with  the  Department  of  State  it  is  prepared  to  give 
information  as  to  the  proper  methods  of  forwarding  money  to 
civilians  in  invaded  districts  or  to  prisoners  of  war,  to  transmit 
letters  to  prisoners  of  war  in  the  Central  Empires,  to  secure  in- 
formation concerning  casualties.  The  Bureau  will  have  "search- 
ers" in  all  hospitals  and  rest  stations  and  from  them  will  re- 
ceive detailed  casualty  reports  for  transmission  to  families. 
All  "missing"  will  go  automatically  on  the  "searchers'  "  list,  but 
for  all  other  casualty  information  families  should  make  inquiries. 

Neither  the  Bureau  of  Communication  nor  any  other  agency 
is  permitted  to  transmit  civilian  inquiries  to  persons  in  territories 
belonging  to,  or  occupied  by,  the  Central  Powers.  In  some  cases 
questions  asked  involve  diplomatic  matters  not  yet  decided  by 
the  United  States  Government,  and  when  this  is  the  case,  the 
inquirers  will  be  so  informed  by  the  Bureau  of  Communication. 

Other  Bureaus  and  Officers 

The  work  of  mobilizing  and  directing  the  great  numbers  of 
volunteer  Red  Cross  workers  and  contributors,  providing  them 
with  materials  for  the  making  of  relief  goods,  shipping  their 
products  to  their  destinations,  and  other  details  of  the  rehef 
program  of  the  Red  Cross  are  handled  by  a  group  of  bureaus 
under  the  supervision  of  the  General  Manager.  They  may  be 
enumerated  as  follows: 

The  Bureau  of  Development,  headed  by  Samuel  M.  Greer, 
Commercial  Superintendent  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Potomac  Tele- 
phone Co.  This  bureau  is  charged  with  promoting  and  supervising 
chapter  activity,  including  the  work  of  the  Junior  Red  Cross.  It 
conducts  membership  campaigns,  regulates  and  apportions  the  work 
to  be  done  by  the  chapters,  and  publishes  hand-books  and  special 
information  for  the  use  of  volunteer  workers.  In  all  these  activities 
the  bureau  deals  with  the  chapters  through  the  Division  Managers. 

The  Bureau  of  Standards,  headed  by  Frederick  P.  Small, 
assistant  to  the  president  of  the  American  Express  Company.  This 
is  the  commercial  engineering  department  of  the  Red  Cross,  which 
standardizes  all  office  practices  and  specifications,  establishes  stand- 
ards for  new  activities,  and  studies  the  potential  strength  and 
weakness  of  all  new  plans  which  are  suggested  for  adoption  by  the 
chapters.  In  this  work  Mr.  Small's  wide  experience  in  analyzing 
business  propositions,  particularly  with  a  view  to  their  practicability 

20 


for  a  large  number  of  widely  scattered  offices,  is  proving  of  great 
value. 

The  Woman's  Bureau,  directed  by  Miss  Florence  M.  Marshall, 
formerly  of  the  Manhattan  Trade  School,  New  York.  All  women's 
work  done  for  the  Red  Cross,  except  nursing,  including  the  making 
of  surgical  dressings,  hospital  supplies  and  garments,  and  knit 
goods  and  comfort  kits,  is  standardized,  supervised,  instructed  and 
inspected  by  this  bureau,  which  is  organized  through  the  Division 
offices. 

Assisting  Miss  Marshall  is  an  advisory  committee  of  women 
of  experience  in  Red  Cross  chapter  work,  composed  as  follows: 

MKS.  WILLIAM  K.  DRAPER,  of  New  York. 

Chairmmi. 
MISS  MARY  GOODWILLIE,  of  Baltimore. 

Vice-Chairman. 
MRS.  PRESTON  ARKWRIGHT,  of  Atlanta. 
MISS  MABEL  T.  BOARDMAN,  of  Washington. 
MRS.  WILLIAM  CROCKER,  of  San  Francisco. 
MRS.  JOSEPH  CUDAHY.  of  Chicago. 
MRS.  F.  V.  HAMER,  St.  Louis. 
MRS.  E.  H,  HARRIMAN,  of  New  York. 
MISS  LAVINA  NEWELL,  of  Boston. 
MRS.  GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER,  of  Philadelphia. 
MRS.  LEONARD  WOOD,  Charleston,  S.  C. 

The  Bureau  of  Nursing,  which  has  been  for  eight  years  in 
charge  of  Miss  Jane  A.  Delano,  assisted  by  Miss  Clara  D.  Noyes. 
maintains  the  Nursing  Service,  recruits  properly  qualified  nurses 
for  military  and  naval  service,  organizes  nursing  units,  and  super- 
vises the  courses  in  elementary  hygiene  and  home  care  of  the  sick, 
and  home  dietetics,  which  are  offered  to  the  public. 

The  Bureau  of  Purchases  is  headed  by  Frank  B.  Gifford,  who 
has  been  in  charge  of  purchases  for  the  Armour  Company,  of  Chicago, 
for  fifteen  years.  This  bureau  has  charge  of  all  purchases  of  the  Red 
Cross,  both  for  foreign  and  domestic  relief  and  for  administrative 
uses. 

The  Bureau  of  Supplies,  J.  R.  Flannery,  president  of  the 
Flannery  Bolt  Co.,  and  Vanadium  Metal  Co.,  of  Pittsburgh,  director, 
supervises  the  assembling  of  Red  Cross  supplies,  the  sale  of  raw 
materials  to  chapters,  returning  finished  products  to  the  divisional 
warehouses,  transportation  to  port  warehouses  and  shipment  abroad. 

The  Central  Trust  Company  of  New  York  is  acting  without 
pay  as  Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Fund,  and  has 
detailed  Frederick  J.  Fuller,  Vice-President  of  the  Central  Trust 
Company,  and  several  members  of  its  paid  staff  for  service  at 
National  Headquarters. 


21 


IV 


RED  CROSS  SALARIES 

Almost  without  exception  the  important  posts  of  the  Red 
Cross  are  filled  by  men  and  women  who  are  accustomed  to  large 
affairs,  but  are  now  giving  their  services  absolutely  without 
pay  for  the  lessening  of  human  suffering.  Throughout  the  Or- 
ganization persons  are,  similarly,  either  giving  their  time  or 
are  serving  for  nominal  salaries. 

The  record  of  the  growth  of  Red  Cross  work  and  of  the  num- 
ber of  workers  to  attend  to  it  is  briefly  shown  in  the  following 
table: 

In  midsummer,  1916: 

(Red  Cross  on  Peace  Basis) 

Membership  about 200,000 

Chapters  about 200 

Paid  officers  and  employees,  National  Headquarters 75 

Salaries  $2,000  to  $7,500 29 

On  July  15,  1917: 

(Three  months  after  the  United  States  had  entered  the  war) 

Membership  about 2,500,000 

Chapters,  nearly 1,800 

Paid  officers  and  employees.  National  Headquarters 700 

Salaries  $2,000  to  $7,500 43 

On  November  1,  1917: 

Membership  more  than 5,000,000 

Chapters 3,287 

Paid  officers  and  employees,  National  Headquarters 423 

Salaries  $2,000  to  $7,500 37 


The  above  table  shows  that  as  the  demands  for  men  and 
effort  have  increased,  the  tendency  has  been  for  salaries  to  de- 
crease both  in  number  and  average  size.  The  reduction  may  be 
accounted  for  partly  by  the  decentralization  of  chapter  admin- 
istration, which  has  transferred  a  considerable  amount  of  routine 
work  from  National  Headquarters  to  Division  Headquarters, 

22 


and  partly  by  the  gradual  improvement  of  the  organization  at 
National  Headquarters. 

The  Red  Cross  has  thus  added  to  its  paid  staff  at  National 
Headquarters,  to  handle  the  tremendously  increased  volume  of 
work  brought  about  by  the  entry  of  the  United  States  into  war, 
a  net  total  of  348  oflQcers  and  employees,  of  whom  eight  receive 
salaries  of  $2,000  a  year  or  over.  There  is  no  salary  in  excess 
of  $6,000  paid  to  any  officer  in  the  Headquarters  organization 
who  has  been  added  since  the  declaration  of  war.  The  highest 
salary  paid  in  the  organization,  $7,500  per  year,  was  also  paid 
when  the  Red  Cross  was  on  a  peace  basis. 

The  wages  and  salaries  paid  to  the  staff  at  National  Head- 
quarters are  classified  as  follows: 

Less  than  $600  a  year 85 

$  600  but  less  than  $1,000 182 

$1,000  but  less  than  $1,500 86 

Sl,500  but  less  than  $2,000 33 

$2,000  but  less  than  $2,500 10 

S2,500  but  less  than  $3,000 6 

$3,000  but  less  than  $5,000 18 

$5,000  to  $7,600 3 

Total    423 


Volunteers  at  Headquarters 

Had  the  Red  Cross  been  obliged  to  pay  salaries  to  all  the 
heads  of  departments  at  National  Headquarters  the  present  or- 
ganization would  have  been  impossible.  The  development  of  a 
staff  of  executives  who  bring  to  the  Red  Cross  such  large  busi- 
ness and  professional  experience  has  been  possible  only  because 
of  the  many  volunteers  who  have  put  their  time  and  energy 
freely  at  the  command  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Counting  only  members  of  the  staff  of  National  Headquar- 
ters and  the  Division  Managers,  and  omitting  a  number  of 
assistants  and  clerks  at  Headquarters  and  thousands  of  volun- 
teer executives  and  assistants  connected  in  various  capacities 
with  the  chapters,  there  are  63  officials  serving  without  cost 
to  the  Red  Cross.  A  number  of  other  staff  workers  are  lent 
to  the  Red  Cross  by  the  corporations  or  institutions  which  em- 
ploy them,  or  are  paid  by  the  heads  of  their  respective  depart- 
ments. 

23 


The  officials  who  serve  without  salary  are  as  follows: 


War  Council 


HENRY  p.  DAVISON,  of  New  York. 

Of  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Co.,  Chairman  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Council. 

CHARLES  D.  NORTON,  of  New  York. 

First  Vice-President  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  New  York;  Member  of  the  Red 
Cross  War  Council. 

MAJOR  GRAYSON  M.-P.  MURPHY,  of  New  York. 

Vice-President  of  the  Guaranty  Trust  Company  of  New  York;  Red  Cross  Com- 
missioner to  Europe  and  member  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Council. 

JOHN  D.  RYAN,  of  Butte,  Montana. 

President  of  the  Anaconda  Copper  Company;  member  of  the  Red  Cross  War 
Council. 

CORNELIUS  N.  BLISS,  Jr.,  of  New  York. 

Member  of  the  firm  of  Bliss,  Fabyan  &  Company,  of  New  York;  member  of  the 

Red  Cross  War  Council. 
ELIOT  WADSWORTH,  of  Boston. 

Formerly  of  the  engineering  firm  of  Stone  &  Webster,  of  Boston;  Vice-Chairman 

of  the  Central  Committee  of  the  American  Red  Cross  and  ex-officio  member  of 

the  Red  Cross  War  Council. 
GEORGE  B.  CASE,  of  New  York. 

Member  of  the  law  firm  of  White  &  Case,  of  New  York;  Legal  Adviser  to  the 

War  Council. 
MARTIN  EGAN,  of  New  York. 

Member  of  the  staff  of  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Company,  of  New  York;  Assistant  to 

Mr.  H.  P.  Davison. 
IVY  L.  LEE,  of  New  York. 

Assistant  to  the  Chairman  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Council. 
JOSEPH  M.  HARTFIELD,  of  New  York. 

Member  of  the  law  firm  of  White  &  Case,  of  New  York;  Counsel  to  the  War  Council . 
JOSEPH  R.  HAMLEN,  of  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

Vice-President  of  J.  H.  Hamlen  &  Son,  Inc.,  of  Portland,  Me.,  New  York,  and 

Little  Rock,  Ark.;  Assistant  to  the  Vice-Chairman  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 
STEPHEN  C.  MILLETT,  of  New  York. 

Of  the  banking  firm  of  Millet,  Roe  &  Hagen,  of  New  York;  in  charge  of  the  Cable 

Department  for  the  War  Council. 
JOHN  W.  PRENTISS,  of  New  York. 

Partner   in   the    firm    of  Hornblower  &   Weeks;  Financial  Assistant  to  the  War 

Council. 


War  Fund 

RALPH  HORNBLOWER,  of  Boston. 

Member  of  the  law  firm  of  Hornblower  &  Weeks,  of  New  York;  Cashier  of  the  Red 

Cross  War  Fund. 
FREDERICK  J.  FULLER,  of  New  York. 

Vice-President  of  the  Central  Trust  Company,  of  New  York;  representing  the 

Assistant  Treasurer  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Fund. 


Administration 

HARVEY  D.  GIBSON,  of  New  York. 

President  of  the  Liberty  National  Bank,  of  New  York;  General  Manager  of  the 

Red  Cross. 
CLYDE  A.  PRATT,  of  New  York. 

Executive  Secretary  of  the  War  Relief  Clearing  House,  Assistant  to  the  General 

Manager. 
GEORGE  MURNANE,  of  New  York. 

Vice-President  of  the  H.  K.  McCann  Company;  Assistant  to  the  General  Manager. 
FRANKLIN  W.  M.  CUTCHEON,  of  New  York. 

Member  of  the  law  firm  of  Byrne.  Cutcheon  &  Taylor,  of  New  York;  Secretary- 
General  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 
CHARLES  G.  DU  BOIS,  of  New  York. 

Comptroller  of  the  American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company;  Comptroller 

of  the  American  Red  Cross. 
JESSE  H.  JONES,  of  Houston,  Texas. 

Business  man  and  banker;  Director  General  of  Military  Relief. 

24 


WINTHROP  M.  CRANE,  Jr  ,  of  Dalton  .Mass. 

Manager  of  the  Crane  Paper  Mills,  of  Dalton,  Mass.;  Assistant  Director  General 

of  Military  Relief. 
LOUIS  J.  HOROWITZ,  of  New  York. 

President  of  the  Thompson-Starrett  Company;  Director  of  Foreign  Relief. 
GEORGE  EATON  SCOTT,  of  Chicago. 

Vice-President  of  the  American  Steel  Foundries;  Director  of  Division  Organization. 
EDWARD  S.  MOORE,  of  Chicago. 

Vice-President  of  the  American  Brake,  Shoe  and  Foundry  Company;  Associate 
'    Director  of  Division  Organization. 
WILLOUGHBY  WALLING,  of  Chicago. 

Lawyer  and  banker;  Associate  Director  of  Division  Organization. 

SEITH  SPALDING,  of  Chicago. 

Director  of  A.  G.  Spalding  and  Brother,  Associate  Director  of  Division  Organiza- 
tion, 
HARVE  G.  BAGEROW,  of  Chicago. 

The  Rockwood-Bagerow  Company,  insurance.  Assistant  to  the  Director  of  Division 

Organization. 
SAMUEL  M.  GREER,  of  Roland  Park,  Md. 

Commercial  Superintendent  of  the  Chesapeake  &  Potomac  Telephone  Company; 

Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Development. 
EDWARD  C.  CROSSETl ,  of  Davenport.  Iowa. 

Lumber  manufacturer;  Associate  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Development. 
FREDERICK  P.  SMALL,  of  New  York. 

Assistant  to  the  President  of  the  American  Express  Company;  Director  of   the 

Bureau  of  Standards. 
HENRY  G.  ATWATER.  of  New  York. 

American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company;  Bureau  of  Standards. 
FRANK  B.  GIFFORD.  of  Chicago. 

General  Purchasing  Agent  for  Armour  &  Company;  Director  of  th?    Bureau   of 

Purchases. 
J.  ROGERS  FLANNERY.  of  Pittsburgh. 

President  of  the  Flannery  Bolt  Company,  of  Pittsburgh,  and  of  the   Vanadiuin 

Steel  Company,  of  Pittsburgh;  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Supplies. 
MISS  JANE  A.  DELANO,  cf  New  York. 

Formerly  Superintendent  of  the  Bellevue  Hospital  Training  School;  Chairman  of 

the  National  Committee  on  Nursing  Service  and  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Nursing. 
HENRY  S.  THOMPSON,  of  Boston. 

Formqi  partner  of  White,  Weld  &  Company;  Director  of  the  Red  Cross  Camp 

Service. 
PERCY  H.  CLARK,  of  Philadelphia. 

Of  the  law  firm  of  Joseph  H.  Clark;  Associate  Director  of  the  Red  Cross  Cami. 

Service. 
WILLIAM  R.  CASTLE.  Jr..  of  Boston. 

Former  Assistant  Dean  of  Harvard  College;  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Communica- 
tion. 
FRANKLIN  ABBOTT,  of  Pittsburgh. 

Of  Janssen  and  Abbott.   Architects;  Director  of  th  e  Division  of  American  Prisoners' 

Relief. 
JULIAN  PEABODY,  of  New  York. 

Of  Peabody,  Wilson  and  Brown,  Architects;  Di  actor  of  the  Division  of  Allied 

Prisoners'  Relief. 
DR.  H.  N.  MacCRACKEN,  of  Poughkeepsie.  N.  Y. 

President  of  Vassar  College;  Director  of  Junior  Membership  and  School  Activities 
EDWARD  P.  KEECH,  Jr.,  of  Baltimore. 

Of  Keech,  Wright  and  Lord,  lawyers;  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Personnel. 
DAVID  PAINE,  of  New  York. 

Associated  with  the  law  firm  of  Ingraham,  Sheehan  and  Moran,  in  charge  of  the 

New  York  office  of  the  Division  of  Personnel. 
C.  HARRIS  CONNOR,  of  New  York. 

Of  Kissel,  Kinnicutt  and  Company,  bankers;  Associate  in  the  Division  of  Per- 
sonnel. 
GEORGE  L.  RADCLIFFE.  of  Baltimore. 

Vice-President  of  the  Fidelity  and  Deposit  Company  of  Maryland;  Associate  in 

the  Division  of  Personnel. 
WELLS  BLANCHARD,  of  Boston. 

Vice-President  of  the  Portage  Lake  Mill  Company;  Department  of  Military  Relief. 


Division  Managers 

'""^  vld^S^^t  o/tWute  Street  Trust  Company  of  Boston;  Div^ion  Manager 
of  the  New  England  Division. 
ETHAN  ALLEN,  of  New  York.  .      _  .    .      ..,„„x:^  r>:^,rf„- 

Woolen  goods  merchant  in  New  York;  Division  Manager  of  the  Atlantic  Divuooa. 


25 


JAMES  R.  GARFIELD,  of  Cleveland,  lawyer. 
Division  Manager  of  the  Lake  Division. 

GEORGE  W.  SIMMONS,  of  St.  Louis. 

Vice-President  of  the  Simmons  Hardware  Company  of  St.  Louis;  Division  Man- 
ager of  the  Southwestern  Division. 

FRANK  T.  HEFFELFINGER,  of  Minneapolis. 
Division  Manager  of  the  Northern  Division. 

JOHN  W.  MOREY,  of  Denver. 

Of  the  C.  S.  Morey  Mercantile  Company;  Division  Manager  of  the  Mountain 
Division. 

CHARLES  SCOTT,  Jr.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Vice-President  of  the  Giant  Portland  Cement  Company:  Division  Manager  of   the 

Pennsylvania  Division. 
COL.  WILLIAM  LAWSON  PEEL,  of  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Formerly  President  of  the  American  National  Bank  of  Atlanta,  Ga.;    Division 

Manager  of  the  Southern  Division.  * 

C.  D.  STIMSON,  of  Seattle. 

President  of  the  Stimson  Mills  and  the  C.  D.  Stimson  Company;  Division  Man- 
ager of  the  Northwestern  Division. 
MARSHALL  HALE,  of  San  Francisco. 

Of  Hale  Bros.  Department  Stores,  in  San  Francisco;  Division  Manager  of    the 

Pacific  Division. 
LEIGH  CARROLL,  of  New  Orleans. 

Lawyer;  Division  Manager  of  the  Gulf  Division.  • 

BRUCE  D.  SMITH,  of  Chicago. 

Vice-President  of  the  Northern  Trust  Cor::pany;    Division  Manager  of  the  Central 

Division. 
HENRY  WHITE,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Formerly  Ambassador  to  France;  Division  Manager  of  the  Potomac  Division. 
OTIS  H.  CUTLER,  of  New  York. 

Chairman  Board  of  Directors,  American  Brake,    Shoe  and  Foundry  Company 

Division  Manager  of  the  Insular  and  Foreign  Division. 

Bureau  of  Medical  Service  of  Foreign  Commissions 

DR.  RICHARD  M.  PEARCE,  of  Philadelphia. 

Professor  of  Research  Medjcine  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania:  Secretary  of 
the  Medical  Advisory  Committee,  Director  of  the  Bureau  ol  Medical  Service  of 
Foreign  Commissions. 

DR.  WALTER  C.  BAILEY,  of  Boston. 

Physician;  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Medical  Advisory  Committee  of  the  War 
Council,  Associate  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Medical  Service  of  Foreign  Com- 
missions. 

DR.  RALPH  PEMBERTON,  of  Philadelphia. 

Physician  of  Presbyterian  Hospital,  Philadelphia;  Assistant  in  the  Bureau  of  Medi- 
cal Service  of  Foreign  Commissions. 

Others  who  are  donating  their  time  to  Red  Cross  work  at 
Headquarters  are: 

LEWIS  S.  BIGELOW  MISS  ELIZABETH  McFADDEN 

GRAHAM  F.  BLANDY  MISS  SARA  NIEMAN 

J.  F.  DRYDEN  MISS  MARGARET  PERRY 

MRS.  ALFRED  M.  HOUGHTON  P.  L.  REED 

MISS  M.  B.  JUSTICE  B.  T.  WILKERSON 

There  are  also  twenty  business  men  giving  their  time  as  fiscal 
agents  for  as  many  Red  Cross  Sanitary  Units  which  are  work- 
ing in  the  vicinity  of  various  cantonments. 

This  list  of  volunteers  is  necessarily  incomplete  for  new 
workers  are  being  added  constantly  and  many  are  giving  a  part 
of  their  time  in  addition  to  those  named  here  who  are  giving 
practically  all  of  their  time. 


26 


CHAPTERS  AND  MEMBERS 

On  May  1,  1917,  just  before  the  appointment  of  the  War 
Council^  the  Red  Cross  had  486,194  members  and  562  chapters. 
On  November  1,  six  months  later,  there  were  more  than  5,000,000 
members  and  3,287  chapters.  In  August  more  than  a  million 
new  members  were  enrolled. 

Membership  in  the  Red  Cross  involves  the  payment  of  dues 
of  from  one  dollar  per  year  to  one  hundred  dollars  at  one  time. 
There  are  six  classes  of  membership  as  follows: 

Annual    $1  per  year 

Magazine   2  per  year 

Contributing   5  per  year 

Sustaining    10  per  year 

Life    50 

Patron 100 

All  members  paying  two  dollars  or  more  are  entitled  to 
receive  the  Red  Cross  Magazine. 

About  90  per  cent  of  the  present  members  are  in  the  annual 
class.  Between  7  and  8  per  cent  are  magazine  members;  be- 
tween 1  and  2  per  cent  contributing  members.  None  of  the 
other  classes  includes  as  much  as  one  per  cent  of  the  total. 


The  Junior  Red  Cross 

Through  the  Junior  Red  Cross,  which  has  been  created  in 
accordance  with  a  plan  credited  largely  to  Dr.  H.  N.  Mac- 
Cracken,  President  of  Vassar  College,  it  is  proposed  to  give 
the  22,000,000  school  children  of  the  United  States  an  active 
share  in  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross. 

The  purpose  of  the  Junior  Red  Cross  is  largely  educational, 
and  its  activities  will  be  carried  on  entirely  in  the  schools, 
as  a  part  of  the  school  work.     Through  study  and  an  active 

27 


participation  in  relief  and  welfare  work,  its  members,  who  are 
at  an  age  that  responds  immediately  and  strongly  to  the  appeal 
of  patriotic  service,  will  be  permanently  enlisted  among  the 
creative  forces  of  good  citizenship.  The  service  they  will  ren- 
der in  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  is  obvious.  By  actual  results, 
children  in  some  schools,  working  under  proper  instruction  and 
supervision,  have  already  demonstrated  their  efficiency  in  pre- 
paring Red  Cross  supphes.  Their  value  to  the  Red  Cross  will 
be  further  increased  by  the  cultivation  of  an  intelligent  support 
on  their  part  and  the  enlistment  of  their  parents^  interest. 

In  addition  to  the  pamphlets  of  instruction  already  pub- 
lished for  chapter  use,  simple  manuals  will  be  issued  by  the 
Junior  Red  Cross  to  give  additional  directions  for  the  making 
of  supplies  and  to  suggest  further  developments  of  Red  Cross 
activity  in  the  schools,  such  as  the  study  of  Red  Cross  work  and 
history,  home  and  personal  hygiene,  first  aid,  dietetics,  partici- 
pation in  Red  Cross  campaigns,  chapter  work  of  other  sorts, 
the  conservation  of  community  resources,  etc. 

President  Wilson  has  endorsed  the  Junior  Red  Cross  in  the 
following  proclamation: 


To  the  School  Children  of  the  United  States: 

The  President  of  the  United  States  is  also  President  of  tne 
American  Red  Cross.  It  is  from  these  offices,  joined  in  one,  that 
I  write  you  a  word  of  greeting  at  this  time  when  so  many  of  you 
are  beginning  the  school  year. 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  just  prepared  a  junior  member- 
ship with  school  activities  in  which  every  pupil  in  the  United  States 
can  find  a  chance  to  serve  our  country.  The  school  is  the  natural 
center  of  your  life.  Through  it  you  can  best  work  in  the  great 
cause  of  freedom  to  which  we  have  all  pledged  ourselves. 

Our  Junior  Red  Cross  will  bring  to  you  opportunities  of  service 
in  your  community  and  the  other  communities  all  over  the  world 
and  guide  your  service  with  high  and  religious  ideals.  It  will 
teach  you  how  to  save  in  order  that  suffering  children  elsewhere 
may  have  the  chance  to  live. 

It  will  teach  you  how  to  prepare  some  of  the  supplies  which 
wounded  soldiers  and  homeless  families  lack.  It  will  send  to  you 
through  the  Red  Cross  bulletins  the  thrilling  stories  of  relief  and 
rescue.  And,  best  of  all,  more  perfectly  than  through  any  of  your 
other  school  lessons,  you  will  learn  by  doing  those  kind  things 
under  your  teacher's  discretion  to  be  the  future  good  citizens  of 
this  country  which  we  all  love. 

And  I  commend  to  all  school  teachers  in  the  country  the 
simple  plan  which  the  American  Red  Cross  has  worked  out  to 
provide  for  your  co-operation,  knowing  as  I  do  that  school  children 
will  give  their  best  service  under  the  direct  guidance  and  instruc- 
tion of  their  teachers.  Is  not  this  perhaps  the  chance  for  which 
you  have  been  looking  to  give  your  time  and  efforts  in  some 
measure  to  meet  our  national  needs?  Woodrow  Wilson. 

28 


Organizing  a  Junior  Auxiliary 

The  organization  of  the  Junior  Red  Cross  aims  at  decen- 
tralization and  the  independence  of  the  local  unit.  Contact 
with  the  Red  Cross  will  be  maintained  only  through  the  School 
Committee  of  the  local  chapter,  the  chapter,  in  turn,  receiving 
its  directions  and  material  through  the  Division  Director  of 
Junior  Membership. 

Upon  application  to  Division  Headquarters,  any  chapter  will 
receive  permission  to  form  a  School  Committee.  Any  school, 
as  a  whole,  with  the  approval  of  its  authorities,  will  be  enrolled 
as  a  Junior  Auxiliary  by  the  School  Committee  upon  applica- 
tion and  the  payment  of  dues  to  the  chapter's  School  Fund. 
Other  young  people's  organizations  may  become  Auxiliaries  on 
the  same  basis  if  their  applications  are  approved  by  the  Chap- 
ter School  Committee. 

The  dues  of  each  Auxiliary  are  a  sum  equal  to  twenty-five 
cents  for  each  member.  This  is  required  as  a  pledge  of  serious 
purpose,  and  is  to  be  used  by  the  Auxiliaries  in  the  purchase  of 
materials  for  making  supplies.  It  is  not  expected  to  cover  all 
expenditures  of  this  sort,  if  additional  sums  can  be  raised.  The 
Chapter  School  Committee  is  empowered  to  accept  a  pledge  of 
servdce  in  the  place  of  dues,  when  this  seems  advisable,  and  to 
enroll  single  classes  as  Auxiliaries  pending  the  organization  of 
a  school  unit. 

Upon  the  enrollment  of  a  school,  every  pupil  and  teacher 
automatically  becomes  a  member  of  the  Auxiliary,  which  then 
co-operates,  through  its  own  oflScers,  with  the  Chapter  School 
Committee.  The  school  receives  from  its  Division  Director  of 
Junior  Membership  a  certificate  of  membership.  Every  member 
is  entitled  to  wear  the  regular  Red  Cross  membership  button 
and  the  school  may  display  a  special  banner,  the  design  of 
which  is  furnished  by  the  Chapter  School  Committee. 


Naval  Auxiliaries 

At  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Red  Cross 
has  arranged  to  have  chapters  form  Naval  Auxiliaries  at  vari- 
ous local  points. 

A  Woman's  Advisory  Committee  on  Naval  Auxiliaries,  of 
which  Mrs.  E.  T.  Stotesbur>%  of  Philadelphia,  is  the  Chairman, 
has  been  appointed.    Mrs.  George  Dewey,  widow  of  Admiral 

29 


Dewey,  has  accepted  the  chairmanship  of  the  Naval  Auxiliary 
of  the  District  of  Columbia  Chapter. 

The  letter  in  which  Secretary  Daniels  requested  the  War 
Council  to  inaugurate  these  Naval  Auxiliaries  said,  in  part: 

Dear  Mr.  Davison: — 

For  some  months  a  large  number  of  patriotic  women  of  the 
countiy,  animated  by  a  desire  to  add  to  the  comfort  of  the  fine 
body  of  youths  who  have  enlisted  in  the  Navy,  have  been  sending 
useful  gifts  of  their  own  make.  Some  of  these  good  women  have 
done  this  work  through  the  Red  Cross  and  others  through  different 
organizations.  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  would  be  wise  if  the 
Red  Cross,  the  only  national  relief  organization  having  official 
recognition,  be  asked  to  extend  its  large  sphere  of  usefulness  by 
taking  over  entirely  the  direction  of  this  laudable  work  of  sending 
tokens  of  good  will  from  willing  workers  to  the  men  in  the  Navy 
by  creating  a  Naval  Auxiliary  of  the  Red  Cross. 

********* 

If  your  organization  can  do  this,  the  Navy  department  and  the 
Navy  in  all  its  units  and  the  one  hundred  million  Americans  who 
are  proud  of  their  Navy  will  give  cordial  aid  and  hearty  co- 
operation. 

Trusting  that  this  suggestion  will  meet  your  favorable  consid- 
eration, I  am. 

Sincerely  yours, 

JosEPHus   Daniels. 

In  response  to  Secretary  Daniels,  Mr.  Davison  sent  the  fol- 
lowing letter,  outlining  plans  for  the  naval  auxiliaries: 

My  dear  Mr.  Secretary: 

Your  favor  of  the  1st  instant,  in  which  you  express  the  hope 
that  we  can  favorably  consider  that  the  Red  Cross  extend  its 
present  organization  for  the  purpose  of  creating  naval  auxiliaries 
to  bend  their  efforts  particularly  to  Navy  work,  duly  received. 

The  Red  Cross,  as  you  know,  makes  no  distinction  between  the 
Navy  and  the  Army  in  its  work,  our  entire  facilities  being  alike 
at  the  present  time  at  the  disposal  of  both  branches  of  our  Govern- 
ment. We  have  given  your  letter  a  great  deal  of  thought,  desiring 
to  carry  out  your  wishes  in  every  way  possible,  and  the  following 
plan  suggests  itself  to  us  as  the  most  practical  for  accomplishing 
the  results  indicated  in  your  letter  as  desired  by  the  Navy  De- 
partment. 

In  all  communities  where  Red  Cross  chapters  are  organized, 
ladies  who  desire  to  work  especially  for  the  Navy  shall  be  invited 
to  organize  and  become  an  auxiliary  of  the  Red  Cross  under  the 
following  conditions: 

1.  The  name  of  such  auxiliary  shall  be,  in  each  community, 
the  Naval  Auxiliary  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 

2.  In  each  community  the  Naval  Auxiliary  shall  affiliate  with 
the  present  local  organized  unit  of  the  Red  Cross  and  shall  report 
to  and  be  responsible  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  chapter 
of  the  Red  Cross  or  the  branch,  as  the  case  may  be. 

3.  A  Naval  Auxiliary  may  maintain  separate  heaxiquarters  or 
it   may  combine   with  the  headquarters   of  the   local   Red   Cross 

80 


work  in  any  manner  that  may  be  determined  upon  by  the  Chairman 
of  the  Naval  Auxiliary  in  question  and  the  Executive  Committee 
of  the  chapter  or  the  branch  under  whose  jurisdiction  it  is. 

4.  The  rules  governing  Naval  Auxiliaries  shall  be  the  same 
as  the  rules  governing  the  present  Red  Cross  auxiliaries: 

(a)  the  name  of  the  auxiliary  shall  be  descriptive  of  its 
membership  and  affiliation  and  shall  not  be  that  of  a  person. 

(b)  the  purpose  of  the  auxiliary  shall  be  to  carry  out  one 
or  more  specific  lines  of  Red  Cross  w^ork  as  prescribed  in  the 
certificate  of  organization. 

(c)  the  auxiliary  must  have  at  least  ten  members.  All 
officers  and  members  of  committees  shall  be  members  of  the 
American  National  Red  Cross  and  of  the  chapter  or  branch 
within  whose  jurisdiction  the  auxiliary  is  located. 

(d)  the  auxiliary  may  be  affiliated  with  the  branch  to 
which  it  is  tributary,  or  may  be  placed  directly  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  chapter. 

What  Red  Cross  chapters  and  branches  shall  do  for  Naval 
Auxiliaries: 

(a)  transmit  to  them  information  and  instructions  received 
from  the  Central  Committee  through  the  Division  Offices. 

(b)  keep  them  supplied  with  literature,  blank  forms  and 
other  equipment  necessary  for  their  work. 

(c)  assist  them  in  obtaining  raw  materials  for  supplies. 

(d)  establish  a  imiform  system  of  accounting  and  records. 

(e)  centralize  Jthe  assembling  and  shipping  of  supplies. 

(f)  give  them  full  credit  for  work  accomplished  when  re- 
porting to  the  Central  Committee. 

An  Advisory  Committee  of  women  particularly  interested  in 
naval  affairs,  nominated  by  you,  would  no  doubt  be  helpful,  and 
would  be  welcomed  by  us. 

Kindly  advise  if  this  method  of  procedure  would,  in  a  manner 
satisfactory  to  you,  meet  the  situation  you  have  in  mind.  It 
is  needless  for  me  to  repeat  that  the  Red  Cross  wishes  to  render 
any  service  within  its  power  desired  by  the  Department  of  the 
Navy.  Yours  very  truly, 

H.  P.  Davison, 
Chairman,    War    Council. 

Chapter  Administration  Decentralized 

The  unparalleled  increase  in  membership  and  number  of 
chapters  since  the  United  States  entered  the  war  made  it  neces- 
sary to  change  the  method  of  chapter  administration  in  order 
to  maintain  effective  co-operation  between  the  chapters  and 
National  Headquarters,  and  to  relieve  the  staff  at  Headquarters 
of  a  rapidly  growing  volume  of  routine  business  which  hindered 
that  co-operation.  Accordingly,  a  new  plan  of  organization, 
based  on  the  principle  of  decentralization,  was  devised  and  put 
into  operation. 

Continental  United  States  was  divided  into  thirteen  sec- 
tions, in  each  of  which  all  operations  of  the  chapters  are  now 

31 


under  the  supervision  of  a  Division  Manager.  This  officer, 
a  prominent  business  man  of  high  standing  in  his  community, 
has  volunteered  his  services  in  every  case  and  devotes  his  entire 
time  to  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross  during  the  period  of  the 
war.  Chapters  in  the  insular  territories  of  the  United  States  and 
in  foreign  countries  have  been  placed  in  a  fourteenth  division, 
similarly  organized. 

At  each  of  the  Division  Headquarters,  located  in  large, 
central  cities,  departments  corresponding  to  those  at  National 
Headquarters  have  been  created,  each  with  a  chief  who  is  re- 
sponsible to  the  Division  Manager,  who  in  turn  is  responsible 
to  the  General  Manager.  Thirteen  division  supply  warehouses 
will  be  used  for  storage  of  the  raw  materials  used  in  chapter 
work  and  for  reception  of  the  finished  goods  made  by  the  chapters 
in  the  several  divisions. 

Chapters  now  report  directly  to  Division  Headquarters  and 
receive  their  instructions  and  supplies  from  the  Division  Man- 
ager, and  officials  at  National  Headquarters  deal  with  the  chap- 
ters through  the  Division  Managers.  The  Bureau  of  Member- 
ship at  National  Headquarters  has  been  discontinued.  Mem- 
bership lists  are  kept  only  at  the  chapters,  and  membership 
reports  are  received  by  Division  Managers,  for  transmittal  in 
summarized  form  to  National  Headquarters.  A  standard  form 
of  chapter  accounting  has  been  prepared  for  the  financial  reports, 
which  must  also  be  submitted  by  all  chapters  to  Division  Man- 
agers. 

A  Bureau  of  Division  Organization,  in  charge  of  George 
Eaton  Scott,  vice-president  of  the  American  Steel  Foundries,  has 
general  charge  under  the  General  Manager  of  effecting  this 
reorganization. 


The  Country  Subdivided 

The  organization  of  the  fourteen  Division  Headquarters,  so 
far  as  it  has  been  carried  to  date,  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

New  England 

Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 

Island 

Headqtiarters — 755  Boylston  Street,  Boston. 

Manager — James  Jackson,  Vice-President  State  Street  Trust  Co., 
Boston. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — John  L.  Grandin,  142  Berkeley 
Street,  Boston. 

33 


Director    Military    Relief — Robert    H.    Hallowell. 

Director  Civilian  Relief — Mrs.  W.  H.  Lothrop, 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — William  DeFord  Beal. 

Director  of  Woman's  Bureau — Miss  L.  H.  Newell. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Elizabeth  Ross. 

Division   Accountant — Carl    T.    Keller. 

Director  Junior  Red  Cross — Mary  G.  Leadbetter. 

Directors  Bureau  of  Publicity — A.  J.  Philpott  and  C.  Nutter. 

Atlantic 

New  York,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey 

Headquarters — 44  East  Twenty-third  Street,  New  York. 
Warehouse — 57th  Street  and  North  River,  New  York. 
Manager — Ethan  Allen,  woolen  merchant. 
Assistant  Manager — Albert  W.  Staub. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Fillmore  Hyde,  5  Union  Square, 
New  York. 

Director  Military  Relief— John  Magee. 

Director   Civilian   Relief — Alexander    M.   Wilson. 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — Albert  T.  Tamblyn. 

Director   of    Woman's   Bureau — Miss   Ellen   L.   Adee. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Carolyn  Van  Blarcom. 

Division  Accountant — Douglas  A.   Elliott. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — ^Jason  Rogers. 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania,  Delaware 

Headquarters — 1601   Walnut  St.,  Philadelphia. 
Manager — Charles  Scott,  Jr. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Frederick  H.  Strawbridge. 
Director  Bureau  of  Civilian  Relief — J.  Byron  Deacon. 
Director  Bureau  of  Development — Stephen  Fuguet. 
Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  J.  Willis  Martin. 
Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Susan  C.  Francis. 
Division  Accountant — John  F.  Porter 
Director  Junior  Red  Cross — F.  Corlies  Morgan. 
Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — Hany  A.  Thompson. 

Potomac 

Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  West  Virginia 

Headquarters — 932  Fourteenth  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Manager — Hon.  Henry  White,  formerly  Ambassador  to  France. 
Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Admiral  Richard  Wainwright,  932 
Fourteenth  Street,  N.  W.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Director  Military  Relief — F.  G.  McKelvey. 
Director  Civilian  Relief — J.  W.  Magruder. 
Director  Bureau  of  Development — David  H.  Brown. 
Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  F.  N.  Chapman. 
Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Georgia  Nevins. 
Division  Accountant — Paul  Quattlander. 
Director  Junior  Red  Cross — David  H.  Brown. 

34 


Southern 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  and  All 

OF  Tennessee 

Headquarters — 424  Healy  Building,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Warehouse — 32  James  St.,  Atlanta. 

Manager — Col.  William  Lawson  Peel,  formerly  President  Amer- 
ican National  Bank,  Atlanta. 

Associate  Manager — C.  D.  Bidwell. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Lindsey  Hopkins,  32  James  Street. 

Director  Military  Relief — Z.  B.  Phelps. 

Director  Civilian  Relief — Joseph  C.  Logan. 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — Guy  E.  Suavely. 

Director  of  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  John  W.  Grant. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Jane  Van  de  Vrede. 

Division  Accountant — R.  E.  Dcile. 

Director  Bureau  of  Pvblidty — ^Willis  B.  Milner,  Jr. 


Lake 


Indiana,  Ohio  and  All  of  Kentucky 


Headquarters— 929  Garfield  Building,  Cleveland,   Ohio. 
Manager — James  R.  Garfie'ld,  formerly  Secretary  of  Interior. 
Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — W.  S.  Root,  942  Prospect  Ave., 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Director  Military  Relief — James  R.  Garfield. 
Director  Civilian  Relief-^ ames  L.  Fieser. 
Director  Bureau  of  Development — F.  E.  Abbott. 
Director  of  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  H,  L.  Sanford. 
Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Mary  'Roberts. 
Division  Accountant — F.  L.  Chamberlain. 
Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — D.  C.  Dougherty. 


Central 

Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,   Iowa,  Nebraska 

Headquarters— ISO  North  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 

Manager — Bruce  D.  Smith,  Assistant  Secretary  and  Assistant 
Treasurer   Northern  Trust   Company,   Chicago. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Frank  Hibbard,  Le  Moyne  Build- 
ing, Wabash  and  Lake  Street,  Chicago. 

Director  Military  Relief — Fremont  B.  Hitchcock. 

Acting  Director  Civilian  Relief — ^T.  J.  Edmunds. 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — J.  J.  O'Connor,  112  West 
Adams  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Director  of  Woman's  Bureav^-Miss  Ina  Taft. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Minnie  Ahrens. 

Division  Accountant — J.  F.  Dillman. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — James  H.  Hough. 

35 


Mountain 

Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah,  New  Mexico 

Headquarters — Fourteenth  and  Welton  Streets,  Denver. 

Manager — ^John  W.  Morey,  of  the  C.  S.  Morey  Mercantile  Co., 
Denver. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Roblin  H.  Davis,  14th  and  Welton 
Sts.,  Denver. 

Director  Military  Relief — Roblin  H.  Davis. 

Director  Civilian  Relief — Miss  Gertrude  Vaile.  / 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — Henry  Swan,  State  Capitol, 
Denver,  Colo. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Lettie   Welch. 

Division  Accountant — W.  A.  Dixon. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — Henry  Swan. 

Northwestern 

Washington,  Oregon,  Idaho 

Headquarters — ^White  Building,  Seattle. 

Manager — C.  D.  Stimson,  President  Stimson  Mills  and  C.  D. 
Stimson  Co.,  Seattle. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — J.  A.  Baillargeon,  First  Ave.  and 
University  Street. 

Director  Military  Relief — Leslie  W.  Getchell. 

Director   Civilian  Relief — F.   P.   Foisie. 

Director    Bureau    of    Development — Josiah    Collins. 

Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  Lucy  C.  Hilton. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  May  Loomis. 

Division  Accountant — R.  D.   White. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — J.  A.  Wood. 

Pacific 

California,  Nevada,  Arizona 

Headquarters^-9i2  Market  Street,  San  Francisco. 

Manager — Marshall  Hale,  President  Hale  Department  Stores, 
San  Francisco. 

Assistant  Manager  and  Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — A.  B.  C. 
Dohrmann,  831  Mission  Street,  San  Francisco. 

Director  Military  Relief — Harrison  Dibblee. 

Director  Civilian  Relief — C.  J.  O'Connor. 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — John  L.  Clymer. 

Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  A.  L.  McLeish. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Lillian  White. 

Division  Accountant — E.  C.  Conroy. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — Guy  R.  Kinsley. 

Southwestern 

Kansas,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas 

Headquarters — 1617  Railway  Exchange  Building,  St.  Louis. 
Manager — George  W.  Simmons,  Vice-President  Simmons  Hard- 
ware Co.,  St.  Louis. 

36 


Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Horace  M.  Swope,  1230  Olive 
Street,  St.  Louis. 

Director    Military   Reliej — Stanley   Stoner. 
Director  Civilian  Reliej — Alfred  Fairbank. 
Director  Bureau  oj  Development — Mrs.  H.  M.  Morgan. 
Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  Edmund  F.  Brown. 
Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Lyda  W.  Anderson. 
Division    Accountant — S.    P.    Schuyler. 
Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — Louis  La  Beaume. 
Director  Junior  Red  Cross — Mrs.  E.  R.  Kroeger. 

# 

Gulf 

Mississippi,  Alabama,  Louisiana 

Headquarters — Post  Office  Building,  New  Orleans. 
Warehouse — U.  S.  Mint,  New  Orleans. 
Manager — Leigh  Carroll. 
Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — S.  J.  Schwartz. 
Director  Military  Relief — H.  S.  Flaspoller. 
Director  Civilian  Relief — Emmet  W.  White. 
Director  Bureau   of   Development — ^W.   J.   Leppert. 
Director  Woman's  Bureau— Mrs.  E.  E.  Moberly. 
Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  L.  A.^Daspit. 
Division  Accountant — H.  J.  Jumonville.v^ 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — F.  D.  Armstrong. 

« 

Northern 

Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Montana 

Headquarters — Essex  Building,  Tenth  and  Nicollet  Ave.,  Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Manager — Frank  T.  Heffelfinger. 

Director  Bureau  of  Supplies — Frank  A.  Bovey,  527  South  Sec- 
ond Avenue,  Minneapolis. 

Director  Military  Relief — Coler  Campbell. 

Director  Civilian  Relief — Frank  J.  Bruno. 

Director  Bureau  of  Development — J.   T.   Gerould. 

Director  Woman's  Bureau — Mrs.  C.  B.  Fridley. 

Director  Bureau  of  Nursing — Miss  Edith  A.  Barber. 

Division  Accountant — W.  F.  Grenell. 

Director  Bureau  of  Publicity — R.  C.  Emery. 

Insular  and  Foreign 

Hawaii,  Insular  Territories  of  the  United  States,  All 
Foreign  Countries 

Headquarters — Washington,  D.  C. 

Manager — Otis  H.  Cutler,  Chairman  Board  of  Directors,  Amer- 
ican Brake,  Shoe  and  Foundry  Co. 


37 


Handling  the  Chapter  Output 

The  organization  has  been  developed  to  insure  effective  allot- 
ment of  the  manufacture  of  relief  supplies  among  the  chapters, 
economical  purchase  of  raw  materials,  and  proper  handling  of 
the  finished  products. 

The  original  requisition  for  relief  supplies  comes  either  from 
a  designated  official  in  charge  of  rehef  work  in  this  country 
or  from  one  of  the  Red  Cross  Commissions  now  in  service 
abroad. 

Each  requisition,  if  approved,  is  carefully  apportioned  at 
National  Headquarters  among  the  fourteen  divisions  in  which 
the  chapters  have  been  grouped.  The  Division  Managers,  in 
turn,  allot  to  each  of  the  chapters  in  their  territories  its  share  of 
the  division's  quota. 

Raw  materials  are  purchased  in  large  quantities  by  the 
Bureau  of  Purchases  at  Headquarters.  This  not  only  reduces 
very  considerably  the  cost  of  the  finished  articles,  but  insures 
the  quality  and  uniformity  of  the  materials.  The  material  is 
then  shipped  in  appropriate  quantities  to  each  of  the  various 
division  warehouses,  where  ordinarily  three  months^  supply  is 
held  for  sale  to  the  chapters  as  needed,  approximately  at  cost. 
The  money  appropriated  by  the  War  Council  for  the  purchase 
of  these  raw  materials  is  therefore  returned  to  the  War  Fund 
and  used  for  necessary  relief  at  home  or  abroad. 

The  finished  articles  and  other  supplies  from  the  chapters 
are  sent  in  weekly  shipments  to  the  division  warehouses  and 
there  inspected,  sorted,  packed  and  made  ready  for  shipment 
on  instructions  from  National  Headquarters. 


38 


VI 

CO-ORDINATION  OF  RELIEF  WORK 

At  the  dedication  of  the  Red  Cross  National  Headquarters 
in  Washington  on  May  12,  1917,  President  Wilson's  address 
contained  the  following  plea  for  the  co-ordination  of  all  relief 
work  by  the  people  of  the  United  States: 

There  will  be  many  expressions  of  the  spirit  of  sympathy  and 
mercy  and  philanthropy,  and  I  think  that  it  is  very  necessary  that 
we  should  not  disperse  our  activities  in  those  lines  too  much ;  that  we 
should  keep  constantly  in  view  the  desire  to  have  the  utmost  concen- 
tration and  efficiency  of  effort,  and  I  hope  that  most,  if  not  all  of  the 
philanthropic  activities  of  this  war  may  be  exercised,  if  not  through 
the  Red  Cross,  then  through  some  already  constituted  and  experi- 
enced organization. 

In  accordance  with  the  policy  thus  expressed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, the  War  Council  appointed  a  Committee  on  Co-operation, 
naming  Judge  Robert  S.  Lovett  of  New  York  as  Chairman. 
Judge  Lovett  subsequently  resigned  the  chairmanship,  though 
remaining  a  member  of  the  committee,  in  order  to  become  a 
member  of  the  War  Industries  Board.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Charles  A.  Coffin  of  New  York.  The  other  members  of  the 
committee  are: 

HORACE  E.  ANDREWS,  of  New  York. 

DR.  LEE  K.  FRANKEL,  of  New  York. 

ANTON  G.  HODENPYL,  of  New  York. 

EDWARD  B.  BUTLER,  of  Chicago. 

JOHN  F.  MOORE,  of  Boston. 

GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER,  of  Philadelphia. 

BISHOP  BRENT,  of  the  PhiUppine  Islands. 

The  Program  of  Co-ordination 

A  plan  of  co-operation  based  on  the  policy  laid  down  by  Presi- 
dent Wilson,  and  conditioned  by  the  increasing  difficulty  of 
distributing  relief  effectively,  by  the  inadequacy  of  transporta- 
tion facilities,  and  by  the  corning  of  the  United  States  Army  to 
France,  w^as  proposed  by  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in  France 
and  approved  by  eighteen  of  the  leading  American  relief  workers 
in  Paris  and  by  a  number  of  relief  workers  in  London. 

39 


Recognizing  the  generosity  and  effectiveness  of  the  work  done 
in  France  by  Americans  during  the  first  three  years  of  the  war, 
the  Commission  points  out  that  new  plans  are  now  necessary. 

The  Army  controls  and  apportions  transportation  facilities 
on  which  American  rehef  work  in  France  depends.  Since  it 
cannot  deal  with  a  great  number  of  individual  organizations, 
and  since  the  Red  Cross  is,  in  a  sense,  associated  with  the  Army 
and  under  its  control,  the  Army  has  chosen  to  deal  with  the 
Red  Cross  as  the  central  organization  through  which  this  relief 
work  should  be  carried  on  by  Americans. 

The  problems  involved  in  getting  and  assigning  cargo  space 
at^sea,  or  railroad  facilities  on  shore,  made  unified  direction  of 
all  shipments  a  necessity.  It  became  impossible,  too,  to  con- 
tinue— what  in  peace  time  was  possible — making  deliveries 
always  as  specifically  designated  by  the  senders. 

The  Red  Cross,  therefore,  cannot  wisely  attempt  to  use  the 
limited  transportation  space  at  its  command  for  the  distribution 
of  individual  contributions  to  designated  points,  but  should 
rather  accept  such  contributions  as  the  donors  are  willing  to 
entrust  to  it  for  such  distribution  as  seems  best  to  it  and  to  its 
associated  societies  in  France,  so  far  as  transportation  facilities 
permit. 

In  order  to  serve  best  the  needs  of  the  Army  and  bring  about 
the  greatest  good,  the  Red  Cross  Commission  suggests  the  fol- 
lowing program: 


First:  For  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in  France,  aided  by  the  ex- 
perienced relief  societies,  to  classify,  standardize  and  requisition,  in 
the  order  of  their  importance,  the  relief  supplies  which  are  needed,  and 
to  determine  what  may  either  be  purchased  in  France  or  dispensed  with 
altogether  in  order  to  save  transportation  space,  and  at  the  same  time 
fill  the  most  pressing  want: 

Second:  For  the  Red  Cross  at  home,  aided  by  the  experienced  societies 
and  relief  organizations  in  America,  to  provide  in  a  systematic  way  for 
furnishing  the  relief  supplies  so  indicated  as  needed  here  and  which 
may  not  be  purchased  here,  and  for  their  shipment  in  the  order  of  their 
urgency . 


The  plan  was  approved  by  American  Relief  workers  in  Paris, 
in  the  following  terms: 


We,  the  undersigned,  approve  and  endorse  the  message  from  the 
Red  Cross  Commission  in  Paris  to  the  War  Council,  dated  August  29th, 
and  with  knowledge  of  the  situation  and  our  experience  on  the  ground 
here,  we  recommend  to  our  friends  and  fellow  workers  at  home  the 

40 


acceptance  of  the  views  and  the  adoption  of  the  plan  proposed  in  that 
message. 

Signed: 


EDITH  WHARTON 
MRS.  WILLIAM  H.  HILL 
MRS.  EDWARD  TUCK 
MRS.  WILLIAM  K.  VANDERBILT 
JOSEPH  A.  BLAKE 
AUGUSTUS  F.  JACCACI 
ATHERTON  CURTIS 
MRS.  E.  W.  SHURTLEFF 
WALTER  V.  R.  BERRY 


MRS.  C.  K.  AUSTIN 

JOHN  GARDNER  COOLEDGE 

MRS.  BENJAMIN  G.  LATHROP 

MRS.  R.  W.  BLISS 

EDWARD  TUCK 

MISS  ANNA  MURRAY  VAIL 

MRS.  CHARLES  R.  SCOTT 

WHITNEY  WARREN 

MRS.  PHILIP  BERARD 


The  following  relief  workers  in  London  also  endorsed  the 
message  of  the  Red  Cross  Commission: 


MRS.  WHITELAW  REID 

MRS.  JOHN  ASTOR 

MRS.  CURTIS  BROWN 

WALTER  BURNS 

MRS.  HENRY  CHAPIN 

ROBERT  W.  CHAPIN 

LADY  RANDOLPH  CHURCHILL 

MRS.  ROMILLY  FEDDON 

J.  GRANT  FORBES 

RUPERT  GRANT,  JR. 


VISCOUNTESS  HARCOURT 
LADY  ARTHUR  HERBERT 
DUCHESS  OF  MARLBOROUGH 
MRS.  CRAIG  McKERROW 
SIR  WILLIAM  OSLER 
LADY  OSLER 
L.  P.  SHELDON 
MRS.  ROBERT  P.  SKINNER 
MRS.  H.  S.  WAITE 
HONORABLE  LADY  WARD 


Organizations  Co-operating  with  the  Red  Cross 

As  a  result  of  negotiations  conducted  by  the  Committee  on 
Co-operation,  a  number  of  American  organizations  for  war  re- 
lief have  entered  into  co-operation  Vith  the  Red  Cross.  These 
societies  retain  their  own  identity  and  collect  funds  in  this  coun- 
try in  their  own  name.  In  making  war  relief  supplies,  however, 
they  give  preference  to  work  based  upon  the  needs  reported  to 
the  Red  Cross  by  its  foreign  commissions,  and  done  in  accord- 
ance with  the  standards  established  by  the  Red  Cross.  When 
finished,  the  goods  manufactured  by  these  societies  are  delivered 
to  the  Red  Cross  for  shipment  abroad,  after  which  they  are  dis- 
tributed to  the  places  where,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Red 
Cross,  they  will  be  most  useful. 

Among  the  national  societies  working  on  this  basis  are  the 
National  Surgical  Dressings  Committee,  whose  efficient  distribu- 
tion service  in  France  has  become  the  Surgical  Dressings  Service 
Department  of  the  American  Red  Cross;  the  American  Fund  for 
French  Wounded,  whose  special  service  consists  in  the  sending 
of  supplies  to  the  French  hospitals,  and  which  is  co-operating 


41 


with  the  Red  Cross  in  the  United  States  and  in  France;  the  Emer- 
gency Aid  of  Pennsylvania;  the  Needlework  Guild  of  America, 
which  has  been  co-operating  with  the  Red  Cross  for  about  ten 
years;  the  War  Service  League  of  the  Salvation  Army  and  numer- 
ous others. 

In  addition  to  these  national  societies,  a  great  number  of 
local  organizations  have  entered  into  various  forms  of  co-opera- 
tion with  the  Red  Cross,  acting  through  its  divisions  and  chapters. 

The  American  Relief  Clearing  House 

For  about  two  years  prior  to  August,  1917,  the  American 
Relief  Clearing  House  at  Paris,  which  maintained  a  transporta- 
tion and  warehouses  system  through  which  it  served  a  great 
number  of  American  relief  agencies,  had  been  acting  as  distribut- 
ing representatives  in  France  of  the  American  Red  Cross.  As 
a  result  of  the  changed  conditions  brought  about  by  the  entry 
of  the  United  States  into  the  war,  the  Clearing  House  and  its 
efficient  distributing  service  were  turned  over  to  the  American 
Red  Cross  in  August,  1917. 

Mr.  H.  H.  Harjes,  President,  and  Mr.  H.  O.  Beatty,  Director- 
General  of  the  American  Relief  Clearing  House  in  Paris  for 
more  than  two  and  one-half  years,  became  High  Commissioner 
for  France  and  Director-General  for  France  and  Belgium,  re- 
spectively, of  the  Red  Cross.  Mr.  Ralph  J.  Preston  of  the 
Executive  Committee  of  the  American  Relief  Clearing  House 
became  a  Deputy  Commissioner  of  the  Red  Cross. 

In  view  of  this  change  in  France,  the  War  Relief  Clearing 
House  for  France  and  Her  Allies,  the  corresponding  organization 
in  America,  discontinued  its  warehouse  and  ceased  the  shipment 
of  supplies,  and  recommended  to  all  its  correspondents  in  the 
United  States,  Canada,  etc.,  some  14,000  in  number,  that  in 
future  they  work  through  and  in  co-operation  with  the  Red 
Cross.  The  Clearing  House,  continues,  however,  to  handle 
funds  for  certain  relief  purposes. 

The  executive  secretary  of  the  War  Relief  Clearing  House, 
Mr.  Clyde  A.  Pratt,  has  become  Assistant  to  the  General  Man- 
ager of  the  Red  Cross. 

The  American  Distribution  Service 

Almost  immediately  after  the  Red  Cross  Commission  began 
work  in  France,  the  American  Distribution  Service,  organized 
and  maintained  by  Mrs.  Robert  W.  Bliss,  was  put  at  its  disposal. 

42 


This  service  was  commenced  in  August,  1914,  and  during  its  two 
years  of  activity  had  built  up  a  most  effective  organization  which 
served  over  3,000  French  hospitals  and  had  distributed  almost 
nine  million  articles.  The  service  was  supported  entirely  by 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  BHss  of  the  American  Embassy,  and  its  tender 
to  the  Red  Cross  solved  the  problem  of  distribution  to  French 
hospitals. 

Les  Tuberculeux  de  la  Guerre 

The  society  for  the  relief  of  the  tuberculous,  known  as  Les 
Tuberculeux  de  la  Guerre,  founded  by  Mrs.  Edith  Wharton,  has 
given  its  funds  and  property  to  the  Red  Cross  to  be  used  in  its 
campaign  against  that  disease. 

American  Society  for  the  Relief  of  French  War  Orphans 

The  work  of  the  American  Society  for  the  Relief  of  French 
War  Orphans  has  also  been  turned  over  to  the  American  Red 
Cross.  This  organization,  of  which  W.  D.  Guthrie  of  New  York 
was  President,  had  been  aiding  directly  about  15,000  French 
war  orphans,  largely  in  the  devastated  districts,  and  also  con- 
tributing 30,000  francs  ($6,000)  per  month  to  the  Associa- 
tion Nationale  Frangaise  pour  la  Protection  des  Families  des 
Morts  pour  la  Patrie,  which  had  4,000  orphans  under  its  care. 
All  its  expenses  were  met  by  membership  dues  and  an  under- 
writing fund,  contributions  for  relief  being  used  in  full  for  the 
fatherless  children  in  France.  By  the  terms  of  the  agreement 
the  Society  ends  its  separate  existence,  and  its  personnel  and 
assets  are  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Red  Cross.  The  Red 
Cross,  in  turn,  assumes  the  responsibility  of  continuing,  for  a 
period  of  six  months  from  October  1st,  the  assistance  that  the 
Society  had  been  extending  to  French  war  orphans  through 
French  societies  or  committees. 

Other  Relief  Organizations 

The  Red  Cross  is  itself  co-operating  actively  with  many  relief 
agencies,  both  American  and  foreign,  either  by  agreements  for 
joint  service  in  specified  fields,  such  as  the  tuberculosis  campaign 
directed  by  the  Rockefeller  Foundation,  and  the  canteen  service 
of  the  Societe  de  Secours  aux  Blesses  Militaires,  or  by  direct 
contributions  to  their  work.  Among  Armenian  and  Syrian 
refugees,  for  example,  the  Red  Cross  is  represented  entirely  by 
the  American  Committee  for  Armenian  and  Syrian  Relief,  to 
whose  work  it  has  contributed  $1,800,000. 

43 


VII 

WORK  FOR  THE  AMERICAN  ARMY 

AND  NAVY 

The  work  of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  United  States  for  the 
American  Army  and  Navy  may  be  defined  broadly  as  follows: 

1.  To  co-operate  with  the  medical  service  of  the  Army  and 
Navy; 

(a)  by  recruiting,  organizing  and  equipping  base  hospital 
and  other  hospital  and  ambulance  units  which  may  be  called 
into  service  at  the  discretion  of  the  Army  or  Navy  Medical 
Corps ; 

(b)  by  handling  special  problems  of  health  and  sanitation 
which  accompany  the  establishment  of  numerous  cantonments, 
camps  and  naval  stations; 

(c)  by  stimulating  the  regular  manufacture  of  surgical  dress- 
'  ings  and  hospital  supplies  of  such  sort  and  in  such  quantity 

that  Army  and  Navy  hospitals  wherever  located  shall  not  be 
handicapped  by  lack  of  these  necessary  supplies. 

2.  To  co-operate  with  the  Army  and  Navy  and  with  other 
established  agencies  in  promoting  the  comfort  and  welfare  of 
men  in  training  in  this  country  or  en  route  to  camps  and  training 
stations. 


Base  Hospitals 

Two  years  before  the  United  States  entered  the  war  the 
Department  of  Military  Relief  of  the  Red  Cross,  recognizing 
that  hospital  units  must  be  organized  and  prepared  in  advance 
of  war,  if  the  Army  Medical  Service  was  to  be  able  to  meet 
the  shock  of  such  an  emergency,  had  begun  to  recruit  and 
organize,  at  important  hospitals  and  medical  schools,  groups  of 
doctors  and  nurses  who  could  be  called  into  service  at  any  time 
by  the  Army  Medical  Corps.  The  work  of  selecting  and  equip- 
ping such  units  was  pushed  energetically,  and  when  the  United 
States  entered  the  w^r  six  complete  units  were  ready  for  service. 

A  typical  base  hospital  unit  contains  twenty-two  surgeons 

44 


and  physicians,  two  dentists,  sixty-five  Red  Cross  nurses,  and 
one  hundred  and  fifty-two  men  of  the  enlisted  Reserve  Corps.  A 
commanding  officer,  a  quartermaster,  and  a  hospital  sergeant 
are  detailed  to  the  unit  when  it  is  mustered  into  the  Army 
Medical  Corps. 

This  early  preparation  for  the  necessities  of  war  enabled 
the  Red  Cross  to  respond  immediately  to  the  call  of  the  Army, 
which  came  within  a  fortnight  after  the  entry  of  the  United 
States  into  war.  Six  units  were  mobilized  at  once,  and  within 
seven  weeks  of  the  declaration  of  war  one  of  these  had  reached 
England  on  its  way  to  France  and  had  been  received  by  the 
King  and  Queen.  Red  Cross  doctors  and  nurses  who  had  been 
mustered  into  the  Army  Medical  Corps  were  thus  the  first 
detachments  of  the  American  Army  to  reach  the  war  zone  for 
active  service. 

Since  that  time  the  work  of  forming  additional  units  and 
completely  equipping  those  waiting  for  service  has  gone  on. 
There  are  now  49,  more  than  a  dozen  of  which  have  already 
been  sent  into  service  in  France.  In  several  cases  chapters  of 
the  Red  Cross  have  assumed  a  large  part,  or  the  whole,  of  the 
expense  of  outfitting  these  hospitals,  which  are  being  supplied 
with  all  the  necessary  apparatus  and  materials  at  a  total  cost 
of  approximately  $2,000,000.  After  entering  service  in  France 
several  units,  each  prepared  to  handle  a  hospital  of  500  beds, 
were  called  upon  to  care  for  much  larger  hospitals  and  have, 
therefore,  received  reinforcements  to  enable  them  to  care  for 
1,000  or  2,000  patients. 

The  units  already  formed  have  been  built  around  the  per- 
sonnel of  the  following  hospitals  and  medical  schools: 


Parent  Institution 


Location 


Director 


1 .  Bellevue  Hospital  New  York  City 

2.  Presbyterian  Hospital  New  York  City 

3.  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital  New  York  City 

4.  Lakeside  Hospital  Cleveland,  Ohio 

5.  Harvard  University  Boston,  Mass. 

6.  Massachusetts  General 

Hospital  Boston,  Mass. 

7.  Boston  City  Hospital  Boston,  Mass. 

8.  New  York  Post  Graduate 

Hospital  New  York  City 

9.  New  York  Hospital  New  York  City 

10.  Pennsylvania  Hospital  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

11.  St.  Joseph,  St.  Mary  and 

Augustana       ^  Chicago,  III. 

12.  Northwestern  University 

Medical  School  Chicago ,  111 . 

13.  Presbyterian  and  County 

Hospital  Chicago ,  111 . 


Dr.  Edw.  L.  Keyes 
Dr.  Geo.  E.  Brewer 
Dr.  N.  E.  Brill 
Dr.  Geo.  W.  Crile 
Dr.  Harvey  Gushing 

Dr.  F.  A.  Washburn 
Dr.  J.  U.  Dowling 

Dr.  Sam'l  Lloyd 
Dr.  C.  L.  Gibson 
Dr.  R.  H.  Harte 

Dr.  N.M.Percy 

Dr.F.A.Besley 

Dr.  Dean  D.Lewis 


45 


Parent  Institution 


Location 


Director 


14.  St.  Luke-Michael  Reese 

Hospital 

15.  Roosevelt  Hospital 

16.  German  Hospital 

17.  Harper  Hospital  (Allen- 

town) 

18.  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital 

19 .  Rochester  General  Hospital 

20 .  University  of  Pennsylvania 

Hospital 

21.  Washington  University 

Medical  School 

22.  MilwaukeeCountyHospital 

23 .  Buffalo  General  Hospital 

24.  Tulane  University 

25.  Cincinnati  GeneralHospital 

26.  State  University  of 

Minnesota 

27.  University  Pittsburgh 

Medical  School 

28.  Christian  Church  Hospital 

29 .  Medical  School  of  Denver 

30.  University  of  Calif  ornia 

31.  Youngstown  Hospital 

32.  City  Hospital 

33.  Albany  Hospital  and 

Medical  College 

34.  Episcopal  Hospital     - 

35 .  Good  Samaritan  Hospital 

36.  College  of  Medicine 

37.  King's  County  Hospital 

38.  Jefferson  Medical  School 

39.  *Yale  Mobile  Unit 

40.  Good  Samaritan  Hospital 

41 .  University  of  Virginia 

42.  University  of  Maryland 

Medical  School 

43.  Emory  University 

44.  Massachusetts  Homeo- 

pathic Hospital 

45 .  Medical  College  of  Virginia 

46 .  University  of  Oregon 

47.  San  Francisco  Hospital 

48.  Metropolitan  Hospital 

49.  University  of  Nebraska 

50.  University  of  Washington 


Chicago,  111. 
New  York  City 
New  York  City 

Detroit,  Mich. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Rochester,  N.Y. 


Dr.  L.  L.  McArthur 
Dr.  Chas.  W.  Peck 
Dr.  Fred  Kammerer 

Dr.  Angus  McLean 
Dr.  John  M.T.Finney 
Dr.  John  M.  Swan 


Philadelphia ,  Pa .        Dr .  John  B .  Garnett 


St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Buffalo,  N.Y. 
New  Orleans,  La. 
Cincinnati,  Ohio 


Dr.  Fred  T.  Murphy 
Dr.  C.A.Evans 
Dr.  M.Clinton 
Maj.  John  B.Elliott 
Dr.  Wm.  Gillespie 


Minneapolis ,  Minn .    Dr .  Arthur  A .  Law 


Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Denver,  Colorado 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Youngstown,  Ohio 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Albany,  N.Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Detroit,  Mich. 
Brooklyn,  N.Y. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
New  Haven,  Conn. 
Lexington,  Ky. 
University,  Va. 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

Boston,  Mass. 
Richmond,  Va. 
Portland,  Ore. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
New  York  City 
Omaha,  Neb. 
Seattle,  Wash. 


Dr.  R.T.Miller 
Dr.J.F.Binnie 
Dr.  J.  W.  Amesse 
Dr.E.S.Kilgore 
Dr.  Cohn  R.Clark 
Dr.  Edmund  D.Clark 

Dr.W.A.Elting 
Dr.A.P.C.Ashhurst 
Dr.  J.  J.  A.  Van  Kaat- 

hoven 
Dr.BurtR.Shurly 
Dr.  Edwin  H.Fiske 
Dr.Wm.M.L.Coplin 
J.M.Flint 
Dr.  David  Barrow 
Dr.  Wm.  H.  Goodwin 

Dr.  A.C.Harrison 
Dr.  E.G.  Davis 

Dr.  Wm.  F.  Wesselhoeft 
Dr.  Stuart  McGuire 
Dr.  Robert  C .  Yenny 
Dr.  Charles  Levison 
Dr.Wm.F.Honan 
Dr.  A.  C.Stokes 
Dr.J.B.Eagleson 


*Organized  by  the  Surgeon-General's  Oflfice. 


Ambulance  Companies 

Forty-five  ambulance  companies,  a  total  of  5,580  men,  or- 
ganized by  Red  Cross  chapters,  have  been  mustered  into  the 
Army  Medical  Corps  and  most  of  them  are  seeing  active  service. 
Twelve  have  been  training  at  Allentown,  Pa.,  for  service  in 
France.    One  company  is  on  duty  at  the  Mexican  border.    The 


46 


remaining  thirty-two  have  been  assigned  to  cantonments  and 
camps  scattered  over  the  country.  In  some  cases  the  chapters 
not  only  recruited  the  personnel  of  the  units,  but  also  purchased 
their  equipment,  amounting  to  nearly  $40,000  for  each  company. 
The  organization  of  these  ambulance  companies  completes  the 
probable  needs  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  this  particular 
field. 

Each  company  consists  of  124  men — a  captain,  four  first 
lieutenants,  two  first-class  sergeants,  eleven  sergeants,  six  cor- 
porals, one  mechanic,  three  cooks,  and  ninety-six  privates.  Four 
ambulance  companies  are  assigned  to  service  with  an  army 
division,  and  the  personnel  may  be  used  in  whole  or  in  part  to 
man  hospital  trains,  hospital  ships,  or  where  the  need  is  great, 
emergency  hospitals. 

The  members  of  these  companies  have  been  given  first-aid 
training  under  the  direction  of  the  American  Red  Cross — train- 
ing of  the  same  character  as  that  now  being  provided  throughout 
the  country  in  classes  conducted  by  the  various  Red  Cross  Chap- 
ters. 


The  Red  Cross  and  the  Navy 

The  relation  of  the  Red  Cross  to  the  Navy  parallels  its  service 
to  the  Army.  In  both  cases  the  Red  Cross  furnishes  the  first 
line  medical  reserve,  recruiting  the  personnel  for  base  hospitals 
and  other  medical  or  nurses'  units.  In  the  case  of  the  Navy 
the  base  hospital  units  were  originally  somewhat  smaller  than 
those  organized  for  the  use  of  the  Army.  A  typical  unit,  de- 
signed to  care  for  a  hospital  of  250  beds,  had  a  personnel  of  171. 
including  ten  medical  ofiicers,  one  dental  officer,  forty'  nurses,' 
twenty  reserve  nurses  and  one  hundred  enlisted  men.  The  Red 
Cross  has  organized  five  of  these  units,  two  of  which  have  been 
called  into  service  abroad.  It  has,  however,  been  found  neces- 
sary to  increase  the  capacity  so  that  each  hospital  can  care  for 
500  beds,  and  the  necessary  doctors  and  nurses  are  being  added 
to  these  units.  The  original  equipment  of  these  five  hospitals, 
which-  were  organized  at  Providence,  Brooklyn,  Philadelphia, 
San  Francisco  and  Los  Angeles,  was  furnished  by  the  Red  Cross, 
together  with  much  of  the  supplementary  equipment. 

Eight  Naval  Station  Hospital  Units  have  also  been  organ- 
ized in  response  to  a  call  from  the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Navy. 
One  of  these  has  already  gone  into  service  with  its  entire  per- 
sonnel, three  more  are  now  being  mobilized  and  others  will  be 

47 


called  upon  shortly.  Each  of  these  units  includes  five  medical 
officers,  twenty-one  nurses  and  twenty-nine  enlisted  men. 

From  Navy  Detachments  organized  by  the  Red  Cross  Bureau 
of  Nursing  230  nurses  have  been  detailed  for  active  service. 

The  Red  Cross  Supply  Service  serves  the  needs  of  Navy  hos- 
pitals as  well  as  Army  hospitals  in  emergencies  and  several 
important  tasks  have  already  been  accomplished  by  the  chap- 
ters in  supplying  surgical  dressings  and  knit  goods  for  the 
Navy. 


A  General  Navy  Hospital  In  Philadelphia 

The  Red  Cross  has  established  at  Philadelphia  the  first  gen- 
eral Red  Cross  hospital  in  this  country.  It  contains  250  beds 
and  is  now  being  used  by  the  United  States  Navy. 

The  city  of  Philadelphia  offered  to  the  Red  Cross,  for  an 
indefinite  term,  without  rental,  the  building  of  the  Medico-Chi- 
rurgical  Hospital.  This  had  been  condemned  by  the  city  in  order 
that  a  boulevard  might  be  cut  through  its  grounds.  Its  useful- 
ness was  not,  however,  seriously  affected. 

The  Red  Cross  made  necessary  alterations  in  the  building 
at  a  cost  of  $12,500,  and  has  appropriated  $20,000  for  its  cur- 
rent expenses  and  maintenance,  both  amounts  coming  from  the 
War  Fund,  under  the  name  of  Red  Cross  General  Hospital  No.  1. 


The  Ambulance  Ship  "Surf* 

Through  the  generosity  of  Dr.  John  A.  Harriss  of  New  York, 
the  yacht  &urj  was  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Navy  Medical 
Service,  through  the  Red  Cross,  in  June,  1917.  It  was  used  for 
four  months  as  an  ambulance  ship,  with  a  capacity  of  from 
40  to  50  patients.  During  its  period  of  service  it  carried  more 
than  a  thousand  patients,  all  its  expenses,  including  part  of 
the  salaries  of  the  civilian  medical  staff,  being  borne  by  Dr. 
Harriss.  The  Surj  carried  a  detachment  of  Red  Cross  nurses 
and  performed  a  notable  service. 


Laboratory  Cars 

The  War  Council  has  authorized  the  creation  of  four  mobile 
laboratory  units  for  emergency  service  at  military  cantonments, 
naval  stations,  and  other  troop  centers. 

48 


Each  unit  will  be  housed  in  a  Pullman  car  remodeled  for 
this  purpose,  completely  equipped  with  laboratory  apparatus 
and  supplies,  and  manned  by  a  staff  of  expert  bacteriologists. 
The  entire  equipment  will  be  held  constantly  in  readiness  for 
quick  dispatch  to  any  camp  or  station  where  the  outbreak  of 
an  epidemic  may  call  for  highly  specialized  laboratory  work. 


Bureau  of  Sanitary  Service 

The  purpose  of  the  Bureau  of  Sanitary  Service  is  to  assist 
the  civil  health  authorities  in  meeting  the  emergencies  result- 
ing from  the  war.  The  first  of  these  emergencies  is  the  neces- 
sity for  establishing  more  thorough  control  of  sanitary  condi- 
tions in  the  civil  communities  adjacent  to  army  encampments 
and  naval  stations.  These  communities,  although  in  intimate 
contact  with  the  military  encampments  and  having  an  important 
influence  upon  the  health  of  the  military  forces,  are  not  under 
military  control.  The  authority  to  enforce  sanitary  measures  is 
vested  in  the  local  and  State  Boards  of  Health,  which,  in  many 
cases,  are  not  in  a  position  to  provide  immediately  the  enlarged 
organizations  necessary  to  meet  the  new  conditions  resulting 
from  a  sudden  increase  of  population.  On  request  from  a  Board 
of  Health  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service  will  come  to 
its  assistance  with  trained  sanitarians,  qualified  to  make  surveys 
and  to  supervise  sanitary  measures.  But  as  the  Public  Health 
Service  has  many  other  duties,  the  personnel  and  funds  which 
may  be  applied  to  supplementing  the  organizations  around  can- 
tonments are  limited. 

The  Red  Cross  Bureau  of  Sanitary  Service  is,  therefore,  fur- 
nishing personnel  and  funds  to  complete  the  sanitary  organiza- 
tions in  these  districts,  supplementing  the  resources  of  the  local 
communities,  the  states  and  the  Public  Health  Service  until  some 
provision  has  been  made  for  supporting  the  organizations  with- 
out the  aid  of  the  Red  Cross.  Assistance  is  given  by  the  Red 
Cross  only  on  request  from  a  state  and  on  recommendation  of 
the  Surgeon-General  of  the  Public  Health  Service,  under  whose 
direction  a  sanitary  survey  is  made  in  the  vicinity  of  each 
cantonment. 

How  Sanitary  Help  is  Given 

Upon  receipt  of  a  report  from  the  Public  Health  Service, 
stating  the  conditions  in  a  district  and  establishing  the  need  for 

49 


aid,  the  Red  Cross  promptly  furnishes  this  supplementary  as- 
sistance by  assigning  to  the  district  a  group  of  trained  assistants; 
bacteriologists,  sanitary  inspectors  and  Red  Cross  public  health 
nurses,  with  an  appropriation  sufficient  to  provide  the  necessary 
equipment,  transportation  and  maintenance.  This  group  is  or- 
ganized into  a  "Sanitary  Unit." 

The  health  officer  in  charge  of  the  district,  usually  an  offi- 
cer of  the  Public  Health  Service,  or  one  recommended  by  that 
service,  is  appointed  director  of  the  unit  and  is  immediately 
responsible  for  its  work.  In  this  way  the  Red  Cross  unit,  being 
under  the  same  direction  as  the  rest  of  the  local  organization, 
becomes  virtually  a  part  of  it. 

Associated  with  the  Director  of  the  unit  is  a  business  man- 
ager who  is  the  fiscal  agent  responsible  for  the  funds  appropriated. 
In  a  number  of  instances  the  Field  Directors  of  the  Red  Cross 
Camp  Service  have  consented  to  act  as  business  managers  of 
sanitary  units.  In  other  instances  a  local  business  man,  endorsed 
by  the  local  Red  Cross  Chapter,  is  appointed. 

Since  the  object  of  a  unit  is  essentially  to  make  up  deficiencies 
in  the  existing  organization,  the  size  and  make-up  of  a  unit  de- 
pend upon  the  circumstances  in  the  district  to  which  it  is 
assigned. 

The  places  to  which  sanitary  units  have  already  been  as- 
signed and  the  initial  appropriation  from  the  War  Fund  for  each 
are  as  follows: 


Columbia,  S.  C. 

$10,000 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

$14,000 

Little  Rock,  Ark. 

7,150 

Chillicothe,  Ohio 

10,000 

Louisville,  Ky. 

7,700 

Greenville,  S.  C. 

9,000 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 

7,150 

Macon,  Ga. 

10,000 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kans. 

13,000 

Manhattan,  Kans. 

9,000 

Hattiesburg,  Miss. 

5,000 

Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga. 

10,000 

Petersburg,  Va. 

6,000 

Spartanburg,  S.  C. 

7,000 

Anniston,  Ala. 

10,000 

American  Lake,  Wash. 

1,500 

Newport  News,  Va. 

21,000 

Montgomery,  Ala. 

5,000 

Ayer,  Mass. 

5,000 

Charlotte,  N.  C. 

6,000 

The  Work  of  the  Sanitary  Units 


The  work  of  these  local  organizations  in  which  the  Red  Cross 
units  co-operate  is  also  varied  to  meet  conditions,  but  in  general 
it  includes  the  following:  A  public  health  laboratory,  in  charge 
of  a  competent  bacteriologist,  is  established  for  bacteriological 
examinations  of  water  and  milk  supplies  and  to  assist  in  the 
diagnosis  of  infectious  diseases.    A  house-to-house  inspection  of 

50 


sanitary  conditions  is  made  in  the  whole  district.  Unsanitary 
conditions  must  be  remedied  by  the  property  owners,  after  which 
regular  inspections  must  be  made  at  intervals.  Systematic  in- 
spection is  established  for  dairies,  milk  depots,  restaurants,  mar- 
kets and  all  places  where  food  and  refreshment  are  sold.  Special 
effort  is  made  to  have  all  cases  of  infectious  diseases  promptly 
reported  and  to  have  each  case,  as  reported,  visited  by  an 
inspector  or  a  public  health  nurse  to  instruct  the  attendants 
in  necessary  prophylactic  measures  and  to  see  that  they  are 
carried  out. 


Prevention  pf  Malaria 

Special  work  is  necessary  in  some  of  the  Southern  districts 
for  the  prevention  of  malaria.  This  requires  the  eradication 
of  malaria-bearing  mosquitoes  in  a  fairly  wide  zone  immedi- 
ately around  the  cantonment,  and  in  the  adjacent  city,  which 
is  visited  frequently  by  men  from  the  encampment.  Of  course, 
in  the  military  reservation,  every  precaution  is  taken  by  the 
military  authorities  to  eliminate  mosquitoes,  but  in  order  to 
get  the  full  benefit  of  this  work  it  is  necessary  also  to  eradicate 
them  in  the  surrounding  territory,  otherwise  they  would  invade 
the  camps  from  their  breeding  places  near  by. 

The  work  of  mosquito  eradication  is  not  confined  to  com- 
munities in  which  malaria  is  highly  prevalent.  It  is  being  car- 
ried out  in  all  the  districts  where  malaria  mosquitoes  are  found 
in  considerable  numbers,  and  where  there  is  a  possibility  that 
malaria  might  become  more  prevalent  with  the  increase  of 
population  due  to  the  establishment  of  the  camp.  • 

The  same  principle  applies  to  other  sanitary  work;  and  the 
fact  that  active  sanitary  measures  are  undertaken  in  the  vicinity 
of  a  camp  does  not  necessarily  mean  that  previous  sanitary 
conditions  in  that  district  were  especially  bad.  The  object  is  to 
have  the  best  possible  protection  in  the  vicinity  of  all  the 
camps.  The  establishment  of  a  camp,  moreover,  in  propor- 
tion as  it  increases  the  civilian  population,  tends  to  bring  about 
dangerous  unsanitary  conditions  which  require  additional  effort 
to  control. 


The  Bureau  of  Camp  Service 

The  American  Red  Cross  undertakes  to  keep  in  touch  with 
the  soldiers  and  sailors  of  the  United  States  from  the  day  they 

51 


join  the  colors,  and  to  look  out  for  their  comfort  and  welfare 
whenever  possible. 

The  function  of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  camps  and  naval  sta- 
tions is  to  render  emergency  aid  and  to  provide  comforts  (not 
luxuries)  for  the  men,  such  as  knitted  outfits,  comfort  kits,  etc. 
It  does  not  undertake  to  outfit  the  Army  or  the  Navy,  but  when 
the  emergency  justifies  it  will  supply  on  military  request  some 
of  the  articles  which  the  Government  undertakes  to  furnish 
but  has  not  available. 

In  order  that  there  may  be  no  duplication,  the  Red  Cross 
will  not  furnish  any  articles,  whether  they  are  part  of  the  out- 
fit provided  by  the  Government  or  are  in  the  nature  of  addi- 
tional comforts,  except  upon  the  request  of  a  military  or  naval 
oflicer.  This  prevents  the  Red  Cross  from  intruding  within 
the  proper  sphere  of  any  branch  of  the  Army  organization. 

It  is  the  invariable  rule  of  the  Red  Cross  that  such  articles 
as  it  provides  are  donated  or  lent.  The  officers  of  the  Govern- 
ment, in  accepting  articles  for  their  men,  assume  no  obligation 
for  themselves  or  the  Government  to  pay  for  them. 


Field  Directors  at  the  Camps 

It  is  proposed  to  carry  on  this  work  through  Field  Directors. 
There  are  now  Field  Directors  representing  the  Bureau  of  Camp 
Service  in  thirty-eight  National  Army  cantonments,  National 
Guard  mobifization  camps,  and  naval  stations,  and  it  seems 
probable  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  appoint  Field  Directors  at 
additional  points. 

These  men  are  careful  not  to  duplicate  the  work  of  the 
Army  or  of  the  other  organizations,  such  as  the  Y.  M.  C.  A., 
the  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  Knights  of  Columbus,  and  Commission  on 
Camp  Activities,  which  are  now  established  in  the  camps.  They 
are,  however,  to  co-operate  with  representatives  of  other  or- 
ganizations, to  the  end  that  the  welfare  of  the  men  may  be 
protected. 


More  Sweaters,  Mufflers,  Etc.,  Needed 

There  has  been  a  heavy  demand  from  all  of  the  National 
Army  and  National  Guard  camps,  and  also  from  the  naval  sta- 
tions, for  sweaters  as  well  as  for  helmets,  mufflers,  wristlets  and 
comfort  kits.  Many  of-  these  articles  have  been  produced  by 
the  Red  Cross  chapters,  but  the  demand  has  very  much  ex- 

52 


ceeded,  and  still  exceeds,  the  supply  of  hand-made  sweaters. 
The  great  number  of  men  in  camp  and  the  approaching  cold 
weather  have  accelerated  the  immediate  demand  so  that  it  was 
necessary  to  purchase  sweaters  in  this  emergency.  There  is  and 
will  be  an  almost  unlimited  demand  for  hand-made  sweaters,  and 
the  product  of  the  chapters  must  be  steadily  increased.  In 
distributing  these  garments,  the  policy  has  been  adopted  of 
equipping,  first,  the  troops  who  are  leaving  the  country,  and 
next,  those  in  the  more  northerly  camps. 

There  are  now  Red  Cross  warehouses  in  twenty-five  camps 
and  naval  stations,  and  others  are  being  secured  as  rapidly 
as  possible.  A  number  of  articles,  carefully  chosen,  will  be  held 
in  these  warehouses  in  stock  in  order  to  make  it  possible  for  the 
Field  Directors  to  give  prompt  relief  if  emergencies  arise. 

Co-operating  in  Home  Service 

The  Field  Directors  stand  ready  to  serve  the  soldiers  and 
sailors  who  consult  them  concerning  personal  home  problems. 
They  are  able  to  bring  the  men  into  touch  with  chapters  of  the 
Red  Cross  in  their  home  towns,  which  have  prepared  themselves 
under  the  direction  of  the  Department  of  Civilian  Relief  to 
extend  relief  to  soldiers'  families  when  the  necessity  arises. 

The  Field  Directors  are  also  co-operating  and  assisting  ac- 
tively in  the  work  of  sanitation  which  is  being  conducted  in 
communities  adjoining  some  of  the  camps  and  stations.  This 
work  is  often  done  under  the  supervision  of  the  Bureau  of  Sani- 
tary Service  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Refreshment  of  Troops  En  Route 

Refreshment  Units,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Canteen 
Service,  directed  by  Foster  Rockwell,  have  been  established  in 
all  the  important  chapters  from  coast  to  coast.  Their  function, 
briefly  stated,  is  to  supplement  the  efforts  of  the  War  De- 
partment and  the  railroads  in  providing  sustenance  for  troops 
en  route. 

The  service  is  entirely  of  an  emergency  character  and  is 
performed  in  co-operation  with  the  railroads.  The  War  Depart- 
ment has  issued  instructions  to  the  railroads  to  furnish  informa- 
tion to  accredited  representatives  of  the  Red  Cross  as  to  the 
time  of  arrival  of  troop  trains  at  places  where  they  are  scheduled 
to  stop.    Refreshment  Units  are  organized  on  a  military  basis, 

53 


and  only  the  commanding  officer  and  the  intelligence  officer  have 
foreknowledge  of  troop  train  movements  in  their  respective 
localities.  From  this  information  they  determine  the  character 
of  the  service  to  be  rendered. 

Refreshment  Units,  in  organization  and  function,  might  be 
likened  to  a  fire  brigade.  They  are  prepared  to  come  to  the 
rescue  when  delays — such  as  accidents,  floods,  snow  storms,  etc. 
— tend  to  disarrange  schedules,  resulting  in  the  exhaustion  of 
troop  train  supplies  and  consequent  discomfort  to  the  troops. 
During  the  heavy  troop  movements  of  the  past  two  months, 
countless  opportunities  have  been  offered  to  test  out  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  Refreshment  Units,  and  the  general  success  at- 
tained in  furnishing  light  refreshments  on  short  notice  bespeaks 
great  credit  for  the  men  and  women  associated  in  this  phase  of 
chapter  activity. 

More  than  1,000  chapters  have  Refreshment  Units. 

Recently,  during  the  entrainment  of  the  colored  members 
of  the  new  army  in  the  states  of  Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  the 
Red  Cross  Canteen  Service  established  colored  auxiliaries  in 
all  important  chapters,  which  actually  served  over  1,600  men. 

The  "Attention  Service"  has  been  as  popular  as  the  Re- 
freshment Service.  One  chapter's  record  shows  that  it  has 
stamped  and  mailed,  for  soldiers  travelling,  an  average  of  over 
5,000  pieces  of  mail  per  day.  This,  together  with  handling 
soldiers'  telegrams  and  sending  their  money  orders,  has  taken 
the  entire  time  of  four  members  of  the  unit. 


The  Service  is  Appreciated 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  commented  on  the  service  of  one 
Refreshment  Unit  in  the  following  letter: 

Washington,  D.  C,  September  29,  1917. 
My  dear  Mr.  Davison: 

I  ought  to  have  acknowledged  the  memorandum  left  with  me 
some  days  ago  about  the  work  done  by  the  Refreshment  Unit  of 
the  Washington  Chapter  before  this.  It  really  makes  an  inspiring 
story,  and  this  seems  to  me  to  be  just  one  of  the  things  which  the 
Red  Cross  can  do  better  than  anybody  else  in  the  world;  and 
also  one  of  the  things  which  will  help  to  make  us  a  strong  and 
united  people. 

Cordially  yours, 
(Signed)  Newton  D.  Baker,  Secretary  of  War. 

Many  letters  of  appreciation  written  by  officers  and  soldiers 
to  the  chapters  in  acknowledgment  of  their  courtesies  have  been 
received. 

54 


Christmas  Celebration 

The  Red  Cross  is  preparing  to  take  its  full  share  in  the 
plans  to  give  every  American  soldier  in  camp  or  on  active  service 
a  memorable  Christmas.  A  Red  Cross  Christmas  packet,  con- 
taining a  few  useful  gifts  and,  more  especially,  holiday  treats, 
will  be  sent  to  every  man.  These  packages,  which  will  carry 
as  much  of  the  Christmas  flavor  as  possible,  will  be  made  by 
the  women  and  children  of  the  chapters,  including  the  members 
of  the  Junior  Red  Cross.  The  Naval  Auxiliaries  of  the  Red 
Cross  will  perform  a  like  service  for  men  In  the  Navy. 

These  gifts  will  all  come  direct  from  the  giver;  no  part  of 
the  War  Fund  will  be  applied  to  the  purchase  or  manufacture 
of  the  packages. 

The  Red  Cross  will  also  co-operate  through  its  chapters  in 
the  local  celebrations  at  each  of  the  camps,  cantonments,  and 
training  stations.  While  the  form  which  chapter  participation 
will  take  must  be  left  to  local  conditions,  the  chapters  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  camps  will  work  with  other  agencies,  including 
the  Commission  on  Training  Camp  Activities,  to  provide  a  holi- 
day program  which  will  omit  nobody  and  contribute  greatly  to 
the  enjoyment  of  the  whole  enlisted  force. 

The  Christmas  undertaking  of  this  year  will  repeat  on  a 
large  scale  what  the  Red  Cross  did  last  Christmas  for  the 
American  soldiers  on  the  Mexican  border  and  for  the  American 
marines  nt  Haiti  and  San  Domingo. 


The  Mobilization  of  American  Nurses 

The  Nursing  Service  of  the  American  Red  Cross  has  enrolled 
for  various  kinds  of  duty  more  than  14,000  trained  nurses.  More 
than  3,000  Red  Cross  nurses  are  now  engaged  in  active  nursing 
service,  of  whom  about  2,000  are  in  foreign  countries.  Another 
two  thousand  are  doing  teaching  and  committee  work.  Four 
thousand  are  enrolled  with  special  units  for  immediate  service. 
The  remainder  stand  ready  to  serve  as  required.  The  number 
of  trained  nurses  volunteering  for  service  with  the  Red  Cross  now 
averages  a  thousand  a  month. 

The  general  scheme  of  unit  organization  has  been  to  keep 
together  groups  of  nurses  and  doctors  with  experience  in  the  same 
training  schools  and  hospitals.  Fifty  base  hospital  units  for  the 
Army  have  been  recruited  from  alumnae  of  the  schools  connected 

55 


with  the  largest  hospitals  in  the  country,  in  groups  of  65  to  100. 
Five  Navy  base  hospital  units,  with  60  nurses  each,  have  been 
recruited  at  the  smaller  hospitals.  There  are  27  hospital  units  of  21 
nurses  each;  6  naval  station  hospital  units  of  21  nurses  each;  and 
45  Navy  detachments  of  10  to  20  nurses  each,  from  which  230 
nurses  have  been  called  into  Navy  hospitals.  There  are  also  120 
emergency  detachments,  containing  altogether  about  1  ,.500  nurses, 
whose  members  can  be  utilized  at  any  time  for  service  where 
required.  From  this  group  832  nurses  have  already  been  sent 
into  service,  the  majority  going  to  the  cantonments. 

Specially  trained  nurses  are  being  held  in  readiness  for  work 
in  units  devoted  to  pediatrics,  orthopedics,  mental  diseases  and 
public  health.  Public  health  and  infant  welfare  nurses  have 
already  been  sent  to  France  and  Roumania.  Plans  are  also  under 
way  for  special  units  of  nurses  trained  in  the  care  of  mental  dis- 
eases to  serve  in  the  mental  wards  of  the  hospitals  established  at 
the  thirty-two  Army  cantonments.  Units  in  orthopedics  are 
being  prepared  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  maimed  in  the  recon- 
struction hospitals.  In  the  civil  zones  surrounding  the  training 
camps,  cantonments  and  naval  bases,  fifty  public  health  nurses 
have  been  assigned  to  work  under  the  auspices  of  the  Red  Cross 
Sanitary  Service,  in  co-operation  with  the  local  health  authorities, 
as  visiting  nurses. 


Reinforcing  the  Nursing  Service 

A  thorough  investigation  of  the  present  resources  of  the  United 
States  shows  that  there  is  no  immediate  lack  of  adequately 
trained  nurses,  and  the  Red  Cross  is  taking  steps  to  add  to  the 
available  reserve. 

The  real  crux  of  the  nursing  situation  lies  in  the  future.  While 
present  needs  are  being  met,  the  burden  of  the  war  will  increase 
rapidly.  It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  able  and  educated 
young  women  should  be  urged  to  enter  the  regular  training  schools 
and  take  the  usual  course  in  order  to  fit  themselves  fully  for 
nursing. 


Conference  on  Nursing  Problems 

In  order  to  utilize  to  the  full  the  present  nursing  resources  of 
the  United  States,  the  War  Council  called  a  conference  on  Red 

56 


Cross  nursing  problems  which  was  attended  by  representatives  of 
all  the  national  organizations  involved.  A  special  committee  was 
appointed  by  the  chairman  of  this  conference,  consisting  of: 


DR.  SIMON  FLEXNER. 

Chairman. 
MISS  JANE  A.  DELANO. 

Chairman  of  the  National  Committee  on  Red  Cross  Nursing  Service. 
MISS  ADELAIDE  M.  NUTTING. 

Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Nursing  of  the  Council  of  National  Defense. 
MISS  MARY  BEARD. 

President  of  the  National  Organization  for  Public  Health  Nursing. 
DRS.  WILLIAM  H.  WELCH  and  HERMANN  M.  BIGGS. 

Of  the  Medical  Advisory  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross. 
MAJOR  WINFORD  H.  SMITH. 

Then  Acting  Director-General  of  Military  Relief. 


The  report  of  this  committee,  which  has  been  approved  by  all 
the  conferees,  and  by  the  War  Council,  provided  for  the  increase 
of  the  available  nursing  reserve  without  threatening  the  standards 
of  thorough  training  and  efficiency  maintained  by  the  Red  Cross 
Nursing  Service. 

The  minimum  age  for  Red  Cross  Nurses,  formerly  25  years, 
has  been  lowered  to  21,  and  the  upper  limit  has  been  left  in- 
definite, to  be  dealt  with  separately  in  each  case  according  to 
the  character  of  the  service  and  the  physical  quaUfications  of  the 
applicant. 

The  Red  Cross  has  decided  to  consider  for  enrollment,  in  case 
of  need,  graduates  of  training  schools  which  are  recommended  by 
State  Boards  of  Registration  as  giving  courses  sufficiently 
thorough  to  prepare  nurses  for  Red  Cross  service.  Formerly  only 
graduates  of  schools  which  had  a  daily  average  of  at  least  50 
patients  were  accepted.  About  500  schools,  it  is  estimated,  will 
thus  be  added  to  those  which  are  furnishing  trained  nurses 
eUgible  for  service  with  the  Red  Cross. 

If  the  exigencies  of  war  make  it  necessary,  the  Red  Cross  will 
request  the  schools  giving  a  three-year  course  of  training  to 
advance  the  date  of  graduation  of  their  pupils,  perhaps  even 
to  the  end  of  their  second  year  of  study. 

Public  Health  nurses  are  being  specially  enrolled  for  service 
either  in  this  country  or  abroad.  There  will  be  much  need  for 
these  workers  with  sociological  training  in  relief  work,  and  it  is 
important  that  they  should  not  spend  themselves  on  bedside 
nursing  alone. 

The  period  of  practical  hospital  experience  (in  connection 
with  base  hospitals  or  such  others  as  are  selected  by  the  Red 
Cross)  for  volunteer  nurses'  aids,  who  have  completed  the  course 
in  elementary  hygiene  and  home  care  of  the  sick  offered  by  the 

57 


Red  Cross,  is  extended  to  one  month  of  eight  hours'  service  each 
day,  which  is  to  be  repeated  yearly.  These  workers  are  not  to  be 
used  for  service  outside  the  United  States,  and  women  under  21 
years  of  age  will  not  be  selected.  There  is  no  pressing  need  for 
the  extension  of  the  nurses'  aid  enrollment  at  present. 

This  program  has  been  approved  by  the  officers  of  the  Red 
Cross  Nursing  Service;  by  officers  of  the  Committees  on  Nursing 
of  the  Council  of  National  Defense;  by 

MISS  ANNE  GOODRICH. 

President  of  the  American  Nurses'  Association. 
MISS  MARY  F.  BEARD. 

President  of  the  National  Organization  of  Public  Health  Nursing. 
MISS  S.  LILLIAN  CLAYTON. 

President  of  the  National  League  of  Nursing  Education. 
MISS  AMY  HILLIARD. 

For  a  number  of  years  Inspector  of  Training  Schools  in  New  York  State. 
MISS  DORA  E.  THOMPSON. 

Superintendent  of  the  Army  Nurse  Corps. 
MRS.  LENA  HIGBEE. 

Superintendent  of  the  Navy  Nurse  Corps; 

and  by  the  Red  Cross  Medical  Advisory  Committee  and  the 
Red  Cross  Committee  on  Co-operation. 


55 


VIII 
WORK  FOR  CIVILIANS 

The  program  of  the  Red  Cross  in  relation  to  service  to  families 
whose  welfare  is  jeopardized  by  the  enlistment  of  the  bread-winner 
has  been  announced  by  the  War  Council,  as  follows: 

Obviously  the  task  of  providing  for  the  financial  assistance  of  the 
families  of  our  soldiers  and  sailors  is  so  large  that  the  Government  alone 
can  assume  it.  In  no  other  way  can  the  burden  be  discharged  fairly 
anda3  a  matter  of  right  rather  than  charity.  No  voluntary  organiza- 
tion, or  organizations,  could  adequately  cope  with  a  duty  of  such 
magnitude. 

The  American  people  will  not,  of  course,  permit  families  to  suffer 
want  because  their  bread-winners  are  fighting  for  their  country. 
Cases  will  undoubtedly  arise  wherein  the  allowance  of  the  government 
will  not  be  adequate  to  protect  a  family  from  financial  distress.  Such 
instances  the  Red  Cross  will  hope  to  provide  for  through  its  chapters. 

The  Red  Cross  Chapters  can  and  will  provide  also  the  friendly 
services  which  may  be  needed  and  acceptable  because  of  ill-health  or 
other  misfortunes  or  because  of  family  conditions,  which,  if  neglected, 
would  result  in  need  and  suffering  or  disaster  to  the  home. 

That  this  work  may  be  done  with  thoroughness  and  uniformity,  the 
Red  Cross  has  published  The  Manual  of  Home  Service  for  the  guidance 
of  chapters.  This  civilian  relief  work  is  under  the  direction  of  W. 
Frank  Persons,  Director  General  of  Civilian  Relief. 


Government  Aid  to  Dependent  Families 

The  Home  Service  of  the  Red  Cross  is,  of  course,  supple- 
mentary to  government  aid.  A  comprehensive  measure  providing 
for  financial  allowances  to  the  families  of  American  soldiers  and 
sailors  has  been  passed  by  Congress.  The  law  adds  to  the  functions 
of  the  Bureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance  the  administration  of  family 
allowances  and  allotments  to  dependents,  of  compensation  for 
death  or  disability,  and  of  Hfe  insurance  for  men  in  the  military 
or  naval  service. 

59 


Home  Service 

More  frequent  and  more  important  than  financial  relief  from 
the  Red  Cross  will  be  the  work  of  helping  families  to  maintain 
their  standards  of  health,  education  and  industry.  This  broader 
service  is  outlined,  and  its  general  technique  is  set  forth,  in  the 
Manual  of  Home  Service  (A.  R.  C.  201),  from  which  this  summary 
is  taken: 

When  the  soldiers  and  sailors  return  from  the  war,  the  families 
entrusted  to  the  care  of  the  Red  Cross  should  be  found  to  have  main- 
tained, as  far  as  it  is  humanly  possible,  the  essential  standards  of  home 
life.  It  should  be  the  object  of  the  Home  Service  Section  of  each 
chapter,  when  help  is  needed,  to  safeguard  the  normal  development  of 
these  famiUes  in  health,  in  education,  in  employment,  and  in  ideals 
of  self-help  and  self-rehance. 

This  work  for  the  weKare  of  a  home  will  demand  more  than  a  grant 
of  money  or  a  temporary  reference  to  a  doctor,  lawyer,  or  some  other 
adviser. 

Tiding  over  some  merely  temporary  difficulty  caused  by  delay  in 
receiving  remittances  and  the  like  will,  to  be  sure,  be  an  important 
part  of  the  work  of  the  Home  Service  Station.  Its  chief  effort,  how- 
ever, will  be  absorbed  by  the  task  of  child  care  and  of  maintaining 
physical  and  mental  health  and  proper  working  conditions  for  the 
families  visited. 


Division  Directors  of  Civilian  Relief 

Under  the  general  supervision  of  the  Director-General  of 
Civilian  Relief,  the  Division  Directors  of  Civilian  Relief  will 
have  charge  of  the  work  of  the  Chapters  in  the  field  of  Home 
Service.  These  Division  Directors  are  experienced  social  .workers, 
as  the  following  list  indicates: 

New  England  Division  (Boston) — Mrs.  William  H.  Lothrop, 
formerly  General  Secretary  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  Boston,  and 
now  President  of  the  American  Association  for  Organizing  Charity. 

Atlantic  Division  (New  York) — Alexander  M.  Wilson,  of  the 
Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the 
Department  of  PubUc  Charities  in  New  York  City. 

Pennsylvania  Division  (Philadelphia) — J.  Byron  Deacon,  a  leader 
among  social  workers  in  Pittsburgh  for  the  past  five  years;  Secretary  of 
the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Tuberculosis  in  Pennsylvania. 

Potomac  Division  (Washington) — J.  W.  Magruder,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  National  Conference  of  Social  Work;  for  ten  years  head 
of  one  of  the  leading  social  agencies  of  Baltimore. 

Southern  Division  (Atlanta) — Joseph  C.  Logan,  of  Atlanta,  for  the 
last  fifteen  years  a  prominent  social  worker  in  that  city  and  state. 

60 


Gulf  Division  (New  Orleans) — Emmet  W.  White,  a  Baltimore 
lawyer  and  member  of  the  Maryland  legislature;  Chairman  of  the 
Civilian  Relief  Committee  of  the  Baltimore  Chapter  of  the  Civilian 
Relief  Committee  of  the  Baltimore  Chapter  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Lake  Division  (Cleveland) — James  L.  Fieser,  one  of  the  Secretaries 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Columbus,  O.,  and  Associate  Director 
of  the  Ohio  State  Institute  for  Public  EflBciency;  has  been  widely  active 
in  the  Central  West  as  an  organizer  of  community  activities. 

Central  Division  (Chicago) — T.  J.  Edmunds,  who  has  been  ap- 
pointed Acting  Director,  is  from  Cincinnati,  where  he  has  been  a 
leader  in  social  work.  He  had  important  assignments  for  the  Red 
Cross  in  directing  emergency  rehef  in  the  wake  of  sixty- three  disasters, 
mostly  cyclones,  which  visited  the  Middle  West  for  a  brief  period 
beginning  March  11  last. 

Northern  Division  (Minneapolis) — Frank  J.  Bruno,  who  has  had 
wide  experience  in  the  administration  of  social  work  in  New  York 
City,  Minneapolis  and  Colorado  Springs,  Col. 

Southwestern  Division  (St.  Louis) — Alfred  Fairbank,  until  re- 
cently Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Children's  Guardians,  St.  Louis,  and 
a  leader  of  social  progress  in  that  city  and  state. 

Mountain  Division  (Denver) — Miss  Gertrude  Vaile,  one  of  the 
foremost  executives  in  public  charity  work  in  the  United  States,  and 
recently  Superintendent  of  Pubhc  Charities  of  Denver,  Col. 

Northwestern  Division  (Seattle) — F.  P.  Foisie,  formerly  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Cambridge  Settlement  House  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
recently  attached  to  the  National  Headquarters  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Pacific  Division  (San  Francisco) — C.  J.  O'Connor,  an  authority  on 
civilian  rehef  along  the  Mexican  Border,  and  for  three  years  Assistant 
Director  of  the  Red  Cross  Department  of  Chapters. 


Training  Workers  in  Home  Service 

Home  Service  needs  trained  workers,  and  there  is  now  no 
adequate  supply  of  them.  They  can  only  be  produced  in  sufficient 
numbers  when  adequate  opportunity  for  training  is  afforded 
and  used.  Accordingly,  the  Red  Cross  is  arranging  for  a  series 
of  Institutes  in  Home  Service  to  be  held  in  the  fall  and  winter  of 
1917  in  each  of  several  cities  representing  every  section  of  the 
country.  These  Institutes  will  be  affiUated  with  leading  univer- 
sities and  schools  of  philanthropy  and  will  give  a  six  weeks'  course. 

Mr.  Porter  R.  Lee,  of  the  New  York  School  of  Philanthropy, 
and  Dr.  Thomas  J.  Riley,  formerly  director  of  the  St.  Louis 
School  of  Social  Economy,  have  been  appointed  National  Di- 
rectors of  these  Institutes. 

A  Syllabus  of  Instruction  (A.  R.  C.  205)  has  been  written  by 
Mr.  Lee  and  approved  and  adopted  by  the  Directors  of  Home 
Service  Institutes,  to  whom  it  was  presented  in  a  conference  held 
in  Washington,  September  4-6,  1917.    It  outlines  the  course  of 


61 


instruction  which  will  be  followed  in  all  Red  Cross  Institutes  in 
Home  Service,  and  will  be  useful  also  in  connection  with  the 
courses  of  training  to  be  undertaken  by  chapters  in  many  cities. 
The  list  of  Home  Service  Institutes  as  of  November  1,  1917, 
is  as  follows: 

Atlanta — Director,  Miss  Edith  Thompson,  705  Gould  Building. 
Supervisor,  Miss  Helen  Muse.  Affihated  with  the  Methodist  Training 
School. 

Baltimore — Director,  Miss  Theo  Jacobs,  16  St.  Paul  St.  Super- 
visor, Miss  Mary  C.  Goodwillie.  In  co-operation  with  Johns  Hopkins 
University  and  Goucher  College. 

Boston — Director,  Miss  Katherine  McMahon,  755  Boy  Is  ton  Street. 
Supervisor,  Mrs.  Alice  Higgins  Lothrop.  Affihated  with  the  Boston 
School  for  Social  Workers. 

Chicago — Director,  Miss  Sophonisba  P.  Breckinridge,  2559  Michi- 
gan Ave.  Supervisor,  Miss  Ehzabeth  S.  Dixon.  Affiliated  with  the 
Chicago  School  of  Civics  and  Philanthropy. 

Cincinnati — Director,  Prof.  S.  G.  Lowrie,  University  of  Cincinnati. 
Affihated  with  University  of  Cincinnati. 

Cleveland — Director,  Mr.  James  F.  Jackson,  2182  East  9th  Street. 
Supervisor,  Miss  Helen  W.  Hanchette.  Affihated  with  Western  Re- 
serve University. 

Columbia,  S.  C. — Director,  Miss  Margaret  Laing,  1211  Gervais 
Street.  Assistant  Director,  Miss  Helen  Kohn.  Affihated  with  Uni- 
versity of  South  Carolina. 

Columbus — Director,  Professor  J.  E.  Hagerty,  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity. Supervisor,  Mr.  Stockton  Raymond.  Affihated  with  Ohio 
State  University. 

Dallas — Director,  Dr.  Ivan  Lee  Holt,  Southern  Methodist  Uni- 
versity. Supervisor,  Miss  Flora  Saylor.  Affihated  with  Southern 
Methodist  University. 

Den'V'er — Director,  Professor  Loran  D.  Osborn,  Mountain  Division 
Office,  Red  Cross,  14th  and  Welton  Streets.  Supervisor,  Miss  Gertrude 
Vaile.    Affihated  with  the  University  of  Colorado. 

Indianapolis — Director,  Professor  J.  J.  Pettijohn,  1016  Merchants 
Bank  Bldg.  Supervisor,  Mr.  Eugene  Foster.  Affihated  with  the 
University  of  Indiana. 

Milwaukee — Director,  Professor  John  L.  Gillen,  Madison,  Wis. 
Supervisor,  Miss  Nell  Alexander.  Affiliated  with  the  University  of 
Wisconsin. 

Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul — Director,  Prof.  A.  J.  Todd,  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota.  Supervisor,  Minneapolis,  Miss  Caroline  Bed- 
ford, 25  Old  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Supervisor,  St.  Paul,  Miss 
Kathleen  E.  Kunckel,  104  Wilder  Building.  Affihated  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Minnesota. 

New  York  City — Director,  Mr.  Porter  R.  Lee,  105  E.  22nd  Street. 
Supervisors,  Mrs.  John  M.  Glenn,  30  E.  36th  Street;  Mrs.  Janet  Ander- 
son, 185  Montague  Street,  Brooklyn.  Affihated  with  the  New  York 
School  of  Philanthropy. 

New  Orleans — Director,  Miss  Eleanor  McMain,  1202  Annuncia- 
tion Street.  Supervisor,  Mr.  Juhus  Goldman.  Affihated  with 
Tulane  University. 

62 


Philadelphia — Director,  Mr.  Bernard  J.  Newman,  425  S.  15th 
Street.  Supervisor,  Miss  Elizabeth  Wood.  Affiliated  with  the 
Pennsylvania  School  for  Social  Service. 

Pittsburgh — Director,  Prof.  Francis  Tyson,  University  of  Pitts- 
burgh. Supervisor,  Miss  Eleanor  Hanson.  Affihated  with  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pittsburgh. 

Portland,  Ore. — Director,  Mr.  Paul  H.  Douglas,  Reed  College. 
Supervisor,  Mr.  A.  R.  Gephart.    Affiliated  with  Reed  College. 

PouGHKEEPSiE — ^Affiliated  with  Vassar  College.  To  be  given  in 
second  semester. 

Richmond — Director,  Dr.  H.  H.  Hibbs,  Jr.,  1112  Capitol  Street. 
Supervisor,  Miss  Loomis  Logan.  Affiliated  with  the  Richmond  School 
of  Social  Economy - 

St.  Louis — Director,  Dr.  Geo.  B.  Mangold,  2221  Locust  Street. 
Supervisor,  Miss  William  Wilder.  Affiliated  with  the  Missouri 
School  of  Social  Economy  ^ 

San  Francisco — Director,  Dr.  Jessica  Peixotto,  University  of 
California.  Supervisor,  Miss  Lucy  Stebbins.  Affiliated  with  the 
University  of  California. 

Seattle — Director,  Prof.  Wm.  F.  Ogburn,  University  of  Washing- 
ton. Supervisor,  Miss  Virginia  McMechen.  Affiliated  with  the 
University  of  Washington. 

Springfield,   III. — Director,    Dr.   J.    G,   Stevens,    Urbana,    111 
Supervisor,  Miss  Margaret  Bergen,  Springfield,  111.     Affiliated  with 
the  University  of  Illinois. 

Washington— Director,  Mr.  Walter  S.  Ufford,  923  H  Street,  N.  W 
Supervisor,  Mrs.  Walter  S.  Ufford,  Affiliated  with  George  Wash- 
ington University. 


Disaster  Relief 

While  the  Department  of  Civilian  Relief  has  thus  been  devot- 
ing itself  to  the  problem  presented  by  the  dependent  families  of 
soldiers  and  sailors,  it  has  continued  its  work  of  providing  im- 
mediate relief  in  case  of  disaster.  Sixty-four  such  cases  have  been 
handled  thus  far  in  1917. 

A  flood  disaster  in  Tien-tsin,  which  rendered  400,000  Chinese 
destitute,  made  American  assistance  urgently  necessary  in 
October,  1917.  At  the  request  of  the  American  Mmister  to 
China,  the  American  Red  Cross  formed  a  relief  organization 
headed  by  Roger  Green,  of  the  Rockefeller  China  Medical  Board, 
and  provided  an  initial  fund  of  $125,000  for  its  use. 

An  earthquake,  which  practically  destroyed  the  city  of  San 
Salvador  on  June  7,  1917,  made  necessary  another  important 
work  of  reUef .  The  sum  of  S10,000  has  been  cabled  and  building 
materials,  medicines  and  clothing  to  the  value  of  $15,000  sent. 

Other  disasters  which  required  the  appropriation  of  money 
from  funds  held  at  the  National  Headquarters  of  the  Rfed  Cross 

63 


in  addition  to  the  relief  rendered  promptly  by  chapters,  in  the 
period  beginning  May  10th,  1917,  were  as  follows: 

May  26,  1917.  Tornado  at  Mattoon  and  Charleston,  111.  Fifty- 
two  killed.     Appropriation  $25,000. 

May  27,  1917.  Tornado  at  Hickman,  Clinton  and  Bardwell,  Ky. 
Appropriation,  $15,000. 

May  27,  1917.  Tornado  at  Kouts  and  Hebron,  Ind.  Appropria- 
tion $4,500. 

June  2,  1917.  Tornado  at  Colgate,  Okla.  Ten  killed,  four  hundred 
families  destitute.     Appropriation  $5,000. 

June  18,  1917.  Cyclone  at  Salem,  Mo.  Property  loss  $18,000. 
Appropriation  $850. 

June  21,  1917.  Flood  at  Princeton,  Ind.  Sixty  thousand  acres 
of  crops  destroyed,  300  families  destitute.    Appropriation  $1,000. 

June  29,  1917.  Flood  at  Kaskaskia  Island,  Mo.  Sixty  families 
destitute.     Appropriation  $600. 

A  notable  instance  of  chapter  rehef  was  that  rendered  by  the 
St.  Louis  chapter  after  the  race  riots  in  East  St.  Louis  on  July 
4th,  The  chapter  provided  food,  clothes  and  shelter  within 
twenty-four  hours  for  5,000  refugees  who  fled  across  the  river 
to  St.  Louis. 


Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service 

To  encourage  graduate  nurses  to  obtain  a  special  preparation 
for  public  health  nursing  in  the  small  towns  and  rural  districts, 
a  scholarship  fund  has  been  raised  by  several  Red  Cross  Chapters 
and  individuals.  Fourteen  scholarships  are  being  offered  to 
qualified  nurses  for  an  eight  months'  course  in  public  health 
nursing  given  in  Boston,  New  York,  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Cin- 
cinnati, Philadelphia  and  Richmond.  The  additional  privilege 
has  been  granted  of  allowing  recipients  of  a  scholarship  to  utilize 
the  Student  Loan  Fund  of  the  Red  Cross  to  an  amount  equal  to 
the  scholarship. 

Nearly  100  nurses  are  now  at  work  under  the  Town  and  Coun- 
try Nursing  Service  in  rural  districts  and  towns  under  25,000 
population.  In  addition  to  bedside  nursing  they  devote  them- 
selves to  the  education  of  the  rural  population  in  hygiene  and 
sanitation.  A  number  of  the  nurses  give  their  entire  time  to 
educational  work  when  employed  as  county  or  as  school  nurses. 
As  they  meet  the  many-sided  problems  of  social  welfare  work, 
either  a  post-graduate  course  or  experience  in  public  health 
nursing  is  required  by  the  Red  Cross  in  assigning  nurses  to  duty 
under  the  Town  and  Country  Nursing  Service. 

64 


WOMAN'S  WORK 

Millions  of  women  have  given  a  share  of  their  time,  in  chapter 
work-rooms  and  at  home,  to  the  service  of  both  soldiers  and 
civilians.  No  part  of  Red  Cross  work  is  more  important  than 
this. 

The  function  of  the  Red  Cross  administration  has  been  to 
direct  and  correlate  this  effort  which  has  been  so  generously 
offered^  Standard  patterns  and  specifications  for  all  the  more 
important  articles  which  can  be  made  by  women  workers  have 
been  adopted. 

After  careful  study  of  the  whole  field  of  women's  work  in  the 
Red  Cross  by  the  Woman's  Bureau,  circulars  of  information 
have  been  issued,  giving  detailed  instructions  for  the  making 
of  surgical  dressings  in  chapter  work-rooms,  and  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  hospital  garments,  and  other  supplies,  knit  goods 
and  comfort  kits. 

Miss  Martha  Draper  and  Miss  EUzabeth  Hoyt,  as  special 
representatives  of  the  Woman's  Bureau,  have  been  investigating 
conditions  in  France  and  have  reported  the  changing  and  special 
needs  for  articles  which  American  women  can  make. 

The  Woman's  Bureau  has  also  selected  and  mobilized  a 
limited  number  of  women  workers  for  whom  there  was  a  special 
need  in  foreign  service.  Fifty-two  women  were  thus  sent  to 
France  to  serve  in  army  canteens,  and  others  are  being  selected. 
Fifty  women,  also,  have  enrolled  for  special  work  in  connection 
with  handling  surgical  dressings. 

The  volume  of  work  done  at  home  and  in  chapter  work-rooms 
by  women  volunteers  cannot  be  adequately  measured.  It  is 
suggested  by  the  statistics  of  goods  shipped  overseas.  In  the 
seven  months  ending  November  1,  1917,  the  Red  Cross  sent  to 
Europe  13,336  cases,  containing  approximately  13,000,000 
separate  articles,  of  surgical  dressings,  hospital  supplies  and  cloth- 
ing. In  addition  to  these,  large  quantities  of  similar  supplies 
have  been  sent  to  camps  and  cantonments  in  the  United  States. 


Major  Murphy  has  recently  cabled  to  the  War  Council: 
**In  view  of  general  conditions,  please  give  right  of  way  on  ships 
to  surgical  dressings  and  hospital  supplies."  The  War  Council  has 
promised  him  that  3,000,000  dressings  will  be  shipped  to  France 
monthly  for  the  next  six  months. 

None  of  the  articles  made  by  Red  Cross  workers  are  sold, 
under  any  circumstances. 


Surgical  Dressings 

Standard  and  special  dressings  are  now  being  made  in  chapter 
work-rooms.  Those  classified  as  "standard"  are  used  constantly 
in  all  the  military  hospitals;  they  are  the  normal  output  of  the 
work-rooms.  When  special  dressings  of  any  kind  are  needed 
overseas,  the  chapters  are  instructed  by  Division  Headquarters 
to  make  them. 

Nearly  all  these  dressings  are  needed  for  use  in  France. 
After  being  shipped  there  they  are  handled  by  a  chain  of 
warehouses  and  distributed  by  motor  transports  to  2,000  war 
hospitals  with  which  the  Red  Cross  Surgical  Dressings  Service 
keeps  in  constant  touch.  It  is  possible  in  this  way  to  regulate 
the  distribution  of  dressings  according  to  the  particular  needs  of 
each  hospital. 

As  an  example  of  the  readiness  and  ability  of  Red  Cross 
Chapters  to  meet  the  emergency  call  for  surgical  dressings  it  is 
worth  noting  that  a  small  group  of  chapters  recently  provided 
surgical  dressings  for  188  battleships  and  destroyers.  A  total 
of  300,000  separate  dressings  was  necessary  and  the  entire 
consignment  was  filled  and  delivered  to  the  Navy,  the  Navy 
stipulating  that  it  would  replace  all  the  materials  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  dressings. 


Hospital  Supplies  and  Refugee  Clothing 

Directions  for  making  hospital  garments  have  been  standard- 
ized and  patterns  are  now  available  at  all  Red  Cross  Chapters 
and  at  retail  dry-goods  stores.  Each  of  the  large  pattern  com- 
panies issues  official  Red  Cross  patterns.  Materials  for  the 
garments  are  specified  on  the  patterns,  and  may  be  obtained 
from  the  chapters. 

Among  the  garments  that  are  made  for  the  use  of  patients  are 

66 


pajamas,  hospital  bed  shirts,  bath  robes  and  convalescent 
robes,  in  winter  and  summer  weights;  bed  jackets,  bed  socks, 
undershirts,  underdrawers,  bandaged  foot  socks,  ice-bag  covers 
and  hot  water  bag  covers;  for  the  use  of  doctors,  there  are  opera- 
ting gowns,  operating  caps,  leggings  and  masks.  As  new  needs 
arise,  other  garments  will  be  added  to  this  list. 

The  Woman's  Bureau  is  also  pubUshing  pamphlets  and  stand- 
ardizing the  patterns  for  clothing  to  be  made  for  the  use  of 
refugees.  Three  circulars  of  instruction  will  be  issued  relating  to 
clothing  for  infants,  boys  and  girls,  and  adults,  respectively. 


Knit  Goods 

The  urgent  need  for  extra  protection  from  the  cold  winter  for 
both  soldiers  and  destitute  civilians  in  France,  reported  by  Major 
Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy,  head  of  the  Red  Cross  Commission 
there,  has  greatly  stimulated  the  knitting  which  is  done  under 
chapter  auspices.    His  cable  read: 

Begin  shipping  at  once  one  and  a  half  million  each,  knitted  mufflers, 
sweaters,  socks  and  wristlets.  These  are  desperately  needed  before 
cold  weather.  In  view  of  shortage  of  fuel  and  other  discomforts  they 
will  be  of  incredible  value  in  both  military  and  civilian  work. 

Last  winter  broke  the  record  for  cold  and  misery  among  the  people 
here.  They  inexpressibly  dread  lest  the  coming  winter  find  us  without 
supplies  to  meet  the  situation.  I  urge  you  on  behalf  of  our  soldiers 
and  those  of  our  allies  who  will  suffer  in  the  frozen  trenches. 

The  chapters  are  now  at  work  on  garments  for  the  use  of 
men  in  training  or  service  in  this  country  and  soldiers  and  refugees 
in  France,  as  needed.  More  than  $5,000,000  worth  of  yarn  has 
been  purchased  or  ordered  for  the  Red  Cross,  payments  being 
made  out  of  the  War  Fund,  and  the  unprecedented  scarcity  of 
material  of  appropriate  quality  is  gradually  being  corrected. 

Directions  for  making  these  articles  have  been  published  by 
the  Woman's  Bureau  in  a  circular  of  information. 

It  should  be  understood  however  that  any  articles  will  be 
accepted  even  though  they  are  not  entirely  in  accord  with  the 
instructions,  provided  they  are  serviceable  and  otherwise  satis- 
factory. 


Comfort  Kits 

These  are  small  bags  of  khaki  cloth,  containing  in  convenient 
pockets  such  personal  accessories  as  soap,  wash-cloths,  heavy 

67 


socks,  shaving  articles,  pipe  and  tobacco,  khaki  handkerchiefs, 
and  the  Uke,  together  with  writing  materials  and  games.  Each 
has  an  American  flag  on  the  outside  and  is  stoutly  made  for 
serviceability. 

Three  types  of  kits  are  suggested  by  the  Woman's  Bureau, 
two  for  field  use  and  one  especially  for  patients  in  the  hospitals. 
Thousands  have  already  been  made;  the  soldiers  on  the  border 
last  year  received  them,  and  the  first  detachments  of  the  Ex- 
peditionary Force  were  quickly  supplied  before  they  sailed  for 
France. 

The  comfort  kits  are  made  at  the  expense  of  the  worker  and 
are  filled  with  such  articles  as  she  wishes  to  include.  No  part  of 
the  cost  is  borne  by  the  Red  Cross. 


68 


X 


RED  CROSS  INSTRUCTION 


To  supplement  the  service  of  trained  nurses  during  the  war, 
it  is  very  important  that  women  in  their  own  households  should 
be  fitted  to  deal  competently  with  the  nursing  requirements  of 
minor  cases  of  illness,  and  thus  reduce  the  demand  on  the  depleted 
ranks  of  professional  nurses. 

For  this  reason  the  two  courses  which  are  given  by  the  Red 
Cross  Nursing  Service,  one  on  Elementary  Hygiene  and  Home 
Care  of  the  Sick,  the  other  on  Home  Dietetics,  have  no  small 
bearing  on  medical  preparedness. 

These  courses,  of  fifteen  lectures  each,  have  been  given  during 
the  past  year  at  307  points  in  the  United  States,  with  3  to  250 
classes  at  each.  Twenty  Chapters  maintain  "teaching  centers'' 
with  paid,  full-time  supervisors.  Text-books  are  published  by 
the  Bureau  of  Instruction,  and  qualified,  enrolled  nurses  and 
dietitians  are  assigned  as  instructors  in  every  case.  Over  34,000 
women  have  completed  the  course  in  home  care  of  the  sick  and 
are  therefore  prepared  to  provide  for  their  own  families  a  part 
of  the  service  that  a  trained  nurse  would  render. 


First  Aid 

Seventy-five  thousand  certificates  of  proficiency  in  first  aid 
have  been  issued  by  the  American  Red  Cross  during  the  past  year, 
through  its  First  Aid  Division.  Ten  thousand  classes  have  been 
organized,  and  by  appointment  of  the  Division  more  than  7,500 
physicians  throughout  the  country  have  served  as  instructors 
and  examiners  for  these  classes. 

Classes  have  been  organized  in  practically  every  state,  in  the 
rural  districts  as  well  as  in  cities,  in  factory  communities,  in 

69 


mining  and  logging  camps,  in  hundreds  of  remote  places  where  the 
danger  of  accident  is  always  present. 

In  addition  to  its  work  through  local  instructors,  the  Red 
Cross  is  carrying  its  message  of  first  aid  and  accident  prevention 
to  industrial  communities  through  field  representatives  and  by 
means  of  the  First  Aid  Car.  Special  instruction  has  been  given 
to  lumbermen  in  the  Northwest  and  to  men  in  the  marble  and 
granite  quarries  of  the  New  England  states.  An  American  Red 
Cross  Life  Saving  Corps,  with  a  membership  of  1,868,  has  been 
organized  with  stations  along  all  the  coasts  of  the  United  States. 

The  First  Aid  Division  has  a  staff  of  experienced  and  trained 
physicians  prepared  to  deHver  illustrated  lectures  on  First  Aid 
in  shock,  sanitation,  personal  hygiene  and  accident  prevention. 


Sanitary  Training  Detachments 

Sanitary  Training  Detachments  are  organized  primarily  for 
the  purpose  of  instructing  men  so  that  they  may  be  able  to  serve 
efficiently  in  the  Sanitary  Service  of  the  Army  and  Navy.  These 
groups,  a  number  of  which  have  already  been  formed,  are  organ- 
ized on  a  military  basis  and  their  members  are  drilled  in  accord- 
ance with  the  U.  S.  Army  regulations  for  Sanitary  troops,  in 
addition  to  receiving  thorough  instruction  in  First  Aid.  Men 
who  have  served  in  these  detachments  are  therefore  especially 
fitted  to  enlist  in  the  Enlisted  Reserve  Corps,  from  which  the 
enlisted  personnel  of  the  base  hospital  units  and  other  detach- 
ments of  the  Medical  Corps  is  drawn. 

Those  who  join  Red  Cross  Sanitary  Training  detachments 
are  required  to  enroll  in  the  Red  Cross  service  for  a  period  of  two 
years;  they  are  requested  to  signify  their  willingness  to  enUst  in 
the  medical  service  of  the  Army  or  Navy,  but  are  not  required 
to  obhgate  themselves  to  do  so.  A  number  of  men  from  the 
Sanitary  Training  detachments  have  already  enlisted  in  the  Med- 
ical Corps. 

A  detachment  consists  of  three  officers  (a  Commandant,  an 
Assistant  Commandant — both  physicians  in  good  standing — and 
a  Quartermaster),  1  Pharmacist,  5  Section  Chiefs,  4  Mechanics, 
4  Carpenters,  2  Cooks,  2  Clerks,  and  40  Privates. 


70 


XI 

APPROPRIATIONS 

For  Work  in  the  United  States 

In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  its  federal  charter,  the  Red 
Cross  reports  annually  to  the  Secretary  of  War  and  its  accounts 
are  audited  by  the  War  Department. 

Appropriations  for  general  administration  in  the  United 
States  are  made  from  the  General  Fund,  derived  from  member- 
ship fees  and  miscellaneous  sources. 

The  appropriations  made  by  the  War  Council,  from  the  War 
Fund,  from  May  10,  1917,  to  October  31,  1917,  for  work  in  the 
United  States,  are  as  follows : 


HOSPITALS,    ETC. 

Alteration  of  Red  Cross  General  Hospital  No.  1,  Phila- 
delphia $12,500. 

Maintenance  of  Red  Cross  General  Hospital  No.  1,  Phila- 
delphia 20,000. 

Purchase  of  special  equipment  for  Navy  Base  Hospitals       32,000. 

Hospital  funds  for  40  hospitals  at  cantonments  and  camps       20 ,000. 

Purchase  and  outfitting  of  four  mobile  laboratory  cars  52,000. 

Convalescent  houses  at  Fort  Oglethorpe  and  Fort  Mc- 

Pherson,  Ga.  12,000. 

Six  emergency  stations  for  medical  assistance  to  canton- 
ments 250,000. 

Travelling  expenses  of  Medical  Advisory  Committee  5,000. 

Equipment,  including  uniforms,  for  Army  and  Navy 

Nurses  100,000. 


$503,500, 


SANITARY     SERVICE. 


Development  of  Bureau  of  Sanitary  Service  $10,000. 

Sanitary  units  for  service  in  the  vicinity  of  17  camps  and 

cantonments  173,500. 

71 


Divided  as  follows: 


1 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

$10,000 

2 

Little  Rock,  Ark. 

7,150 

3 

Louisville,  Ky. 

7,700 

4 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 

7,150 

5 

Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan. 

13,000 

6 

Hattiesburg,  Miss. 

5,000 

7 

Petersburg,  Va. 

6,000 

8 

Anniston,  Ala. 

10,000 

9 

Newport  News,  Va. 

21,000 

10 

Ayer,  Mass. 

5,000 

11 

Atlanta,  Ga. 

14,000 

12 

Chilli cothe,  Ohio 

10,000 

13 

Greenville,  S.  C. 

9,000 

14 

Macon,  Ga. 

10,000 

15 

Manhattan,  Kan. 

9,000 

16 

Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga. 

10,000 

17 

Spartanburg,  S.  C. 

7,000 

18 

Ajnerican  Lake,  Wash. 

1,500 

19 

Montgomery,  Ala. 

5,000 

20 

Charlotte,  N.  C. 

6,000 

Expenses  of  survey  to  determine  the  need  of  isolation 
hospitals  at  cantonments 


$1,000. 
$184,500. 


CAMP   SERVICE,   ETC. 

Bathing  pool.  Fort  Oglethorpe,  Ga.  $5,715. 
Construction  and  maintenance  of  a  soldiers'  clubhouse  at 

Chillicothe,  Ohio  30,000. 
Stocking  warehouses  at  encampments,  and  expenses  of 

field  directors.  Bureau  of  Camp  Seivice  711,000. 

Contribution  to  Training  Camp  Activities  Commission  200,000. 

Purchase  of  sweaters  639,500. 

Purchase  of  blankets  805,014. 

Purchase  of  comforters  137,500. 


$2,528,729. 


MISCELI-ANEOUS. 

Alterations  and  increased  storage  space.  New  York  ware- 
house 

Funeral  expenses  of  Miss  L.  D.  Schrope,  a  Red  Cross 
nurse,  who  died  of  tuberculosis  contracted  in  service 

Traveling  expenses  of  speakers  for  Speakers'  Bureau 

Materials  for  use  in  membership  campaign 


$31,357. 

130.60 
12,000. 
50,000. 
$93,487.60 


Appropriations  for  work  in  the  United  States 

72 


$3,310,216.60 


In  addition  to  the  above  appropriation  for  specific  relief 
work,  the  War  Council  has  advanced  the  following  sums  for  the 
purchase  of  materials  which  are  necessary  in  the  work  of  the 
chapters.  Since  these  goods  are  all  sold  to  the  chapters  approxi- 
mately at  cost,  the  moneys  thus  advanced  will  eventually  be 
repaid  into  the  War  Fund  and  can  then  be  appropriated  for  such 
purposes  as  the  War  Council  finds  advisable: 

ADVANCES,   TO   BE   REPAID. 

Purchase  of  knitting  yam  for  resale  to  chapters  $1,900,000. 

Purchase  of  materials  and  supplies  for  resale  to  chapters  500,000. 
Purchase  of  knitting  yarn,  flannel  for  hospital  garments, 

and  khaki  for  comfort  kits,  for  resale  to  chapters  1,500,000. 

Purchase  of  handkerchiefs,  envelopes,  pads  of  paper,  and 

combination  games  for  comfort  kits  and  Christmas 

packages,  for  resale  to  chapters  226,800. 

Purchase  of  flannel,  muslin,  tarcovat  blanketing  and 

knitting  yarn,  for  resale  to  chapters  3,457,200. 

Purchase  of  Red  Cross  buttons  and  pins,  for  resale  to 

chapters  75,000. 

$7,659,000. 

Total  appropriations  for  work  in  the  United  States         $10,969,216.60 


73 


Part  Two 

The  Work  in  Europe 

The  purposes  of  overseas  appropriations  from  the  War 
Fund  may  be  broadly  given  as  follows: 

(1)  To  do  everything  possible  to  assist  our  army  and  navy  in  insur- 
ing the  health  and  comfort  of  American  soldiers  and  sailors  abroad,  and 

(2)  To  relieve  suffering  among  the  armies  and  destitution  among  the 
needy  civilian  populations  of  our  alHes. 

The  following  pages  will  give  particulars  of  work  already  done 
and  some  of  the  plans  for  the  future. 

To  Learn  the  Needs  of  Our  Allies 

By  reason  of  the  unique  conditions  surrounding  American 
Red  Cross  effort  in  this  war,  so  far  from  home,  and  of  the  impor- 
tance of  all  Red  Cross  work  being  conducted  efficiently,  economic- 
ally and  w^ith  the  best  American  spirit,  the  War  Council  has  sent 
to  Europe  five  separate  commissions,  each  composed  of  repre- 
sentative Americans  skilled  in  business  administration,  in  medical 
and  surgical  work,  and  in  other  lines  of  Red  Cross  effort. 

On  account  of  the  crucial  importance  of  the  work  in  France, 
a  Red  Cross  Commission  to  France  was  dispatched  just  as  soon 
as  it  could  be  organized  after  the  appointment  of  the  War  Council. 
That  commission,  which  has  general  supervision  over  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross  work  in  Europe,  is  headed  by  Major  Grayson 
M.-P.  Murphy,  himself  a  member  of  the  War  Council,  and  is 
composed  of  sixteen  leading  experts  in  special  lines  of  work. 

Commissions  have  also  been  sent  to  Russia,  Roumania,  Serbia 
and  Italy.  A  Commissioner  and  Deputy  Commissioner  for 
England  have  been  appointed,  and  a  special  department  for 
Belgium  has  been  created  under  the  direction  of  the  Commission 
to  France. 

74 


FRANCE 

The  personnel  of  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in  France  is  as 
follows: 

Major  Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy, 

head  of  Red  Cross  Commission  to  France  and  Red  Cross  Com- 
missioner to  Europe.  Senior  Vice-President  of  the  Guaranty 
Trust  Co.,  New  York. 

James  H.  Perkins, 

Vice-President  of  National  City  Bank,  New  York.  Authority 
on  industrial  organization.    Commissioner  for  France. 

DEPUTY   COMMISSIONERS. 

H.  O.  BEATTY,  of  California. 

Former  director  of  War  Relief  Clearing  House.     Director-General  for  France  and 

Belgium. 
CARL  TAYLOR,  of  New  York. 

Of  Byrne,  Cutcheon  &  Taylor. 
GEORGE  B.  FORD,  of  New  York. 

Expert  in  town  planning. 
ERNEST  McCULLOUGH,  of  Boston. 

Of  Stone  &  Webster;  an  engineer. 
ERNEST  P.  BICKNELL. 

Former  Director  General  of  Civilian  Relief,  American  Red  Cross.     In  charge  of 

the  Department  for  Belgium. 
ALEXANDER  LAMBERT,  of  New  York. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  at  Cornell  University  Medical  College.     Investi- 
gating tuberculosis  and  medical  needs  of  France.     Chief  Surgeon. 
RALPH  PRESTON,  of  New  York. 

Former  director  of  War  Relief  Clearing  House. 
HOMER  FOLKS,  of  New  York. 

Expert  in  public  relief  work  and  care  of  destitute  and  delinquent  children.     Di- 
rector of  the  Department  of  Civil  Affairs. 
EDWARD  EYRE  HUNT. 

Formerly  in  charge  of  work  in  Antwerp  for  Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium. 

Later  du-ector  of  Red  Cross  Bureau  of  Publications.     In  charge  of  the  Bureau 

of  Relief  and  Economic  Rehabilitation  in  Liberated  Areas. 
AMASA  MATHER,  of  Cleveland,  O. 
DR.  EDWARD  T.  DEVINE,  of  New  York. 

Director  of  the  School  of  Philanthropy.     In  charge  of  the  Bureau  of  Refugees  and 

Home  Relief. 
JOSEPH  R.  SWAN,  of  New  York. 

Of  Kean,  Taylor  &  Co.,  bankers. 
BERNON  PRENTICE,  of  New  York. 

Of  Dominick  and  Dominick.     Formerly  associated  with  Herbert  C.  Hocver. 


ATTACHED  TO  MAJOR  MURPHY  S  STAFF. 

A.W.  COPP. 

West  Point  graduate  and  veteran  of  Philippine  campaign.     In  charge  of  U.  S. 
Army  Red  Cross  work. 

75 


Infant  Welfare  Unit. 

As  at  first  constituted  the  Infant  Welfare  Unit  consisted  of 
the  following  persons: 

DR.  WILLIAM  PALMER  LUCAS. 

Professor  of  Pediatrics  in  the  University  of  California,  Director. 
DR.  J.  MORRIS  SLEMMONS. 

Of  the  Yale  Medical  School,  an  obstetrical  authority. 
DR.  JULIUS  PARKER  SEDGWICK. 

Professor  of  Pediatrics  in  the  University  of  Minnesota. 
DR.  JOHN  C.  BALDWIN. 

Specialist  in  diseases  of  children. 
DR.  J.  ISAAC  DURAND,  DR.  CLAIN  F.  GELSTON. 

Assistants  to  Dr.  Lucas  at  the  University  of  California. 
DR.  N.  O.  PEARCE,  MRS.  WILLIAM  P.  LUCAS,  MRS.  J.  MORRIS    SLEM- 
MONS, MISS  ELIZABETH  SLEMMONS,  MISS  ELIZABETH  ASHE,  MISS 

ROSAMUND  GILDER. 

These  women  are  specialists  in  child  weKare  work. 

At  the  urgent  request  of  Major  Murphy,  other  doctors  and 
nurses  have  been  sent  to  reinforce  this  unit,  as  follows: 

DR.  CHARLES  ULYSSES  MOORE,  of  Portland,  Oregon. 

Specialist  in  children's  diseases,  with  a  group  of  sixteen  nurses  who  have  had 
special  training  in  the  treatment  of  children's  diseases  and  in  social  welfare  work. 

DR.  J.  H.  MASON  KNOX,  Jr.,  of  Baltimore. 

DR.  JOHN  B.  MANNING,  of  Seattle. 

DR.  FLORENCE  CHAPMAN  CHILD,  of  Philadelphia. 

DR.  EDMUND  J.  LABBE,  of  Portland.  Ore. 

Professor  of  Pediatrics  at  the  Universty  of  Oregon. 

DR.  ETHEL  LYON  HEARD,  of  Galveston,  Texas. 

DR.  HELEN  H.  WOODROFFE,  of  Ocean  Park,  Cal. 

DR.  DOROTHY  CHILD,  of  Philadelphia. 

DR.  O.  H.  SELLENINGS,  of  Columbus,  O. 

DR.  HUGH  HEATON,  of  Melstone,  Mont. ,  and  fourteen  additional  Red  Cross  nurses. 


Commission  for  the 
Prevention  of  Tuberculosis. 

(Conducted  co-operatively  by  the  Rockefeller    Foundation  and 
American  Red  Cross.) 

DR.    LIVINGSTON    FARRAND,    Chairman. 

President   of  University  of  Colorado. 
HOMER    FOLKS,    of    New    York. 

Formerly   Commissioner   of  Charities  of  New  York  City. 
SELSKAR  M.  GUNN,  of  Boston. 


Medical  Advisory  Committee 

A  military  medical  advisory  committee  has  been  appointed 
by  Major  Murphy.  Heading  the  committee  is  Dr.  Joseph  A. 
Blake,  witk  whom  are  associated: 

76 


COL.  WINTERS.  COL.  IRELAND. 
Of  General  Pershing's  staff. 

DR.  LIVINGSTON  FARRAND. 

A  member  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  and  President  of  the  XJnivereiiy-  of 
Colorado. 

DR.  ALEXANDER  LAMBERT. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  Cornell  Medical  School. 

DR.  JOHN  M.  FINNEY. 

Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  at  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

DR.  RICHARD  P.  STRONG,  DR.  W.  B.  CANNON. 

Professors  at  Harvard  University. 

MAJOR  GEORGE  W.  CRILE. 

Head  of  the  Cleveland  Base  Hospital  Unit,  and  discoverer  of  a  method  of  eliminat- 
ing surgical  shock  which  is  reducing  mortality. 

DR.  GEORGE  E.  BREWER. 

Of  the  Columbia-Presbyterian  Base  Hospital  Unit  of  New  York. 

DR.  KENNETH  TAYLOR. 

Of  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  associated  with  Dr.  Blake. 

DR.  HUGH  H.  YOUNG. 

Professor  at  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

DR.  FRED  T.   MURPHY, 

Professor  of  Surgery,  Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

DR.  JAMES  ALEXANDER  MILLER,  DR.  WILLIAM  P.  LUCAS,  DR.  WILLIAM 
CHARLES  WHITE  compose  a  medical  advisory  committee  for  the  Department 
of  Civil  Affairs. 


General  Advisory  Committee, 
william  g.  sharp. 

American  Ambassador  to  France. 

JAMES  STILLMAN, 

Chairman  of  Board  of  Directors,  National  City  Bank  of  New  York  City. 

EDWARD  TUCK,  of  France. 

Woman's  War  Relief  Corps 

The  Woman's  War  Relief  Corps  has  been  formed  in  France 
under  Red  Cross  direction  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  together 
for  effective  work  the  American  women  in  France  who  have  been 
or  are  now  engaged  in  war  reUef  or  who  wish  to  undertake  it. 
The  Corps  registers  at  its  headquarters  nurses,  canteen  workers 
or  other  reUef  workers  or  recruits  for  such  service,  and  will  indi- 
cate to  them  where  they  will  be  of  most  value.  It  will  supply 
the  Red  Cross  with  such  additional  women  workers,  recruited 
in  France,  as  it  may  need  to  supplement  its  regular  staff.  Among 
the  activities  into  which  the  Corps  will  enter  are  canteens,  diet 
kitchens,  nursing,  propaganda,  refugee  relief  and  other  forms  of 
social  service. 

Membership  is  open  to  all  American  women  in  France  or 
American  wives  of  the  subjects  of  Allied  nations. 

The  General  Director  of  the  Woman's  War  Relief  Corps  is 
Mrs.  William  G.  Sharp,  wife  of  the  American  Ambassador.  Mrs. 
R.  W.  Bliss,  Mrs.  Edward  Tuck  and  Mr.  Ralph  Preston .  are  the 
Executive  Committee.    Mrs.  George  B,  Ford  is  Kfecording  Secre- 

77 


tary  and  Mrs.  Charles  Scott,  Treasurer.     The  Board  of  Directors 
includes  the  following: 

MRS.  EDITH  WHARTON  MRS.  SHURTLEFF 

MRS.  HILL  MRS.  ALEXANDER  LAMBERT 

MRS.  CARTER  MRS.  BRADLEY 

MRS.  LATHROP  MISS  RUSSELL 

MRS.  GEORGE  MUNRO  MRS.  HUBBARD 

MARQUISE  D'ANDIGNE  MRS.  W.  K.  VANDERBILT 

MRS.  COOLIDGE  MISS  CLEVELAND 

MRS.  AUSTIN  MRS.  BARCLAY  PARSONS 

MRS.  SAYLES 


The  Woman's  Bureau  at  Red  Cross  Headquarters  in  Wash- 
ington and  the  Woman's  War  Rehef  Corps  in  Paris  co-operate 
fully. 

Nursing  Service 

Miss  Martha  Montague  Russell,  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  for 
twelve  years  superintendent  of  the  Sloane  Hospital,  New  York, 
has  been  appointed  official  representative  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  Nursing  Service  in  France.  In  addition  to  advising  Major 
Murphy  and  his  associates  on  problems  relating  to  this  service, 
she  will  represent  at  Paris  headquarters  the  many  American 
nurses  now  serving  in  France  under  the  Red  Cross.  Since  her 
arrival  abroad  Miss  Russell  has  been  active  in  organizing  a  system 
of  enrollment  for  American  nurses  in  Europe  not  affiliated  with 
the  Red  Cross. 

Many  other  men  and  women,  a  large  number  of  whom  are 
volunteers,  are  now  working  for  the  American  Red  Cross  in 
France.  No  attempt  will  be  made  to  give  a  complete  list  of 
personnel  in  this  statement. 

The  Organization  in  France 

The  headquarters  of  American  Red  Cross  work  in  Europe  is, 
of  course,  in  France.  The  personnel  of  the  Commission,  as  above 
noted,  shows  the  character  and  skill  which  have  been  enlisted 
in  meeting  the  Red  Cross  problems  in  Europe. 

In  spite  of  the  very  brief  period  of  its  stay  in  Paris  the  Red 
Cross  Commission  to  France  has  already  worked  out  a  well 
ordered  organization.  It  has  perfected  a  complete  understanding 
with  French  authorities,  and  Major  Murphy  has  been  made  a 
member  of  General  Pershing's  staff,  thus  co-ordinating  all 
American  Red  Cross  effort  with  that  of  our  Army  in  France. 

Of  the  staff  of  864  persons  handling  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross 
Commission  in  France,  517  are  serving  without  salary  or  living 

78 


allowance  from  the  Red  Cross.  Among  these  volunteers  are 
prominent  American  business  men,  technical  experts  and  women 
experienced  in  the  handling  of  relief  supplies.  Owing  to  the  large 
number  who  have  responded  to  the  Red  Cross  call  for  volunteers 
it  has  been  possible  to  organize  the  present  efficient  staff  in  Paris 
at  an  average  cost  to  the  Red  Cross  of  only  about  $300  a  year  for 
each  worker. 

There  are  347  employes  on  the  Red  Cross  pay-roll,  including 
95  day  laborers  used  in  handling  supplies  and  in  construction. 
The  average  wage  paid  to  these  347  persons  is  $800  a  year.  Major 
Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy  cables  further  that  he  is  "carefully 
studying  pay-rolls  with  a  view  to  further  reduction." 

The  remaining  517  workers  are  either  serving  without  com- 
pensation and  at  their  own  expense,  or  are  paid  by  their  former 
employers,  who  have  lent  them  to  the  Red  Cross  for  war  serv- 
ice, or  are  paid  from  private  subscriptions. 

The  expenses  of  the  Infant  Welfare  Unit,  for  instance,  are 
partly  met  by  a  special  gift  made  for  this  express  purpose  by 
Mrs.  William  Lowell  Putnam,  of  Boston.  Major  Murphy  also 
obtained  by  private  subscription,  before  he  sailed  for  France,  a 
fund  of  $100,000,  which  is  applied  toward  the  expenses  of  the 
Commission. 

The  headquarters  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  Paris  are  in  an 
ample  building  on  the  Place  de  la  Concorde  provided  for  the  use 
of  the  Commission  rent  free  for  the  current  year  by  Ralph 
Preston,  as  a  contribution  to  the  Red  Cross. 

*'0f  our  347  employes  paid  from  the  Red  Cross  fund,''  Major 
Murphy  reports,  "262  receive  annual  compensation  of  less  than 
$1,200  per  year.  Fifty  employes  receive  compensation  of  $1,200 
and  $2,100  annually.  Fifteen  employes  receive  from  the  Red 
Cross  annual  compensation  in  excess  of  $2,100  per  annum." 


GENERAL  POLICIES 

The  general  lines  of  activity  undertaken  in  France  by  the 
American  Red  Cross  have  been  determined  after  a  careful  survey 
of  the  situation  by  the  Red  Cross  Commission.  These  purposes 
may  be  outlined  as  follows: 

1.  To  establish  and  maintain  canteens,  rest  houses,  hospital  recrea- 
tion huts  and  other  means  of  supplying  the  American  soldiers  with 
such  comforts  as  the  Army  authorities  may  approve; 

79 


2.  To  establish  and  maintain  in  France  canteens,  rest  houses,  and 
other  means  of  supplying  comforts  for  the  soldiers  in  the  armies  of  our 
allies; 

3.  To  distribute  supplementary  hospital  equipment  and  supplies  of 
all  kinds  to  military  hospitals  for  soldiers  of  the  American  or  allied 
armies; 

4.  To  establish  and  maintain  emergency  hospitals  whenever  the  need 
arises. 

5.  To  engage  in  civilian  relief,  including: 

(a)  The  care  and  education  of  destitute  children; 

(b)  Care  of  mutilated  soldiers; 

(c)  Care  of  sicK  and  disabled  soldiers; 

(d)  ReUef  work  in  the  devastated  areas  of  France  and  Belgium, such 
as  furnishing  to  the  inhabitants  of  these  districts  agricultural 
implements,  household  goods,  foods,  clothing  and  such  tem- 
porary shelter  as  will  enable  them  to  return  to  their  homes; 

(e)  Providing  relief  for  and  guarding  against  the  increase  of 
tuberculosis. 

6.  To  furnish  relief  for  soldiers  and  civilians  held  as  prisoners  by  the 
enemy,  and  to  give  assistance  to  such  civiHans  as  are  returned  to  France 
from  time  to  time  from  the  parts  of  Belgium  and  of  France  held  by  the 
enemy; 

7.  To  supply  financial  assistance  to  committees,  societies  or  in- 
dividuals allied  with  the  American  Red  Cross  and  carrying  on  relief 
work  in  Europe. 


The  Needs  of  France 

France  has  suffered  beyond  description .  It  will  not  be  possible 
for  the  full  force  of  American  military  effort  to  be  felt  in  France 
for  some  time.  To  assist  the  French  people  in  their  very  present 
distress  is,  therefore,  not  only  an  undertaking  of  the  greatest 
mercy,  but  is  also  the  most  effective  work  which  can  be  done  by 
the  American  people  to  strengthen  the  courage  and  keep  vigorous 
the  morale  of  both  the  French  Army  and  the  French  people  in 
this  critical  period. 

Every  particle  of  strength  and  confidence  which  America  can 
give  to  the  French  people  while  they  wait  for  the  coming  of  the 
American  forces  is  a  real  contribution  not  only  toward  relief  but 
toward  shortening  the  war.  If  the  matter  be  put  on  no  other 
than  a  purely  practical  basis  all  the  assistance  we  can  render 
to  France  right  now,  either  in  caring  for  her  sick  and  wounded  or 
relieving  her  destitute  people,  is  a  means  of  reducing  the  number 
of  Americans  who  may  be  killed  or  wounded  in  France. 

Our  Army  is  not  in  France  in  full  force  yet,  but  the  Red  Cross 
is  there,  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  Red  Cross  to  see  to  it  that 
both  the  French  Army  and  the  French  people  understand  that 
the  heart  of  the  American  people  is  behind  them,  and  that  the 

80 


impulses  of  that  heart  are  expressed  now  in  works  of  real  mercy 
and  assistance. 


Striking  Details  of  the  Work  in  France 

The  Red  Cross  Commission  in  France  has  made  the  following 
summary  of  its  work  to  date.  Further  details  of  these  activities 
will  be  found  in  the  succeeding  pages.  The  summary: 


Military  Relief 

We  have  just  completed  a  gift  of  5,000,000  francs  to  needy  sick 
and  wounded  French  soldiers  and  needy  families  of  soldiers. 

We  have  under  our  supervision  four  large  miUtary  hospitals 
and  are  preparing  to  establish  another. 

We  have  established  twenty  dispensaries  in  the  American 
Army  zone  to  care  for  the  resident  civilians  and  to  improve  health 
conditions  in  that  section  before  the  coming  of  our  troops. 

We  are  providing  a  dental  ambulance  at  a  port  in  France  for 
the  use  of  our  soldiers  and  sailors,  and  have  organized  a  nurses' 
service  for  American  Army  use. 

«  *  * 

Our  hospital  distributing  service  sends  supplies  to  3,423 
French  military  hospitals  and  is  laying  in  a  large  stock  for  future 
needs;  our  surgical  dressings  service  supplies  2,000  French 
hospitals  and  is  preparing  immense  supplies  for  our  own  army. 

We  are  operating  at  the  front  line  in  co-operation  with  the 
French  Red  Cross  ten  canteens,  and  are  preparing  to  establish 
twenty  more. 

We  are  operating  six  canteens  for  use  of  French  soldiers  at 
important  railway  centers  where  we  serve  about  30,000  soldiers  a 
day,  and  are  planning  many  more. 

*  *  * 

In  Paris,  canteens  operated  by  us,  with  the  French,  are  serv- 
ing enormous  numbers  of  soldiers  as  they  come  and  go. 

We  soon  expect  to  have  ready  twelve  rest  stations  for  our  own 
troops  at  important  railway  centers,  also  recuperation  camps  at 
suitable  places  for  many  of  our  soldiers. 

We  are  providing  an  artificial  limb  factory  near  Paris  and 
special  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  splints  and  nitrous  oxide  gas. 

We  have  contracted  for  a  movable  hospital  in  four  units 
accommodating  1,000  men. 

81 


Recreation  in  connection  with  hospitals,  and  diet  kitchens. 
A  casualty  service  for  gathering  information  in  regard  to 
wounded  and  missing,  and  a  medical  research  bureau. 

Civilian  Relief 

Our  work  with  the  civil  population  covers  mainly  children, 
refugees  and  the  tuberculous. 

We  have  opened  a  children's  refuge  and  hospital  at  a  point  in 
the  war  zone  where  several  hundred  children  have  been  gathered 
to  keep  them  away  from  danger  of  gas  and  shell  fire. 

At  another  point  among  the  wrecked  villages  we  have  estab- 
lished a  medical  center  and  a  travelling  dispensary  to  accommo- 
date 1,200  children. 

We  have  undertaken  extensive  medical  work  for  the  repatrie 
children  at  Evian,  about  500  of  whom  are  daily  returned  from 
points  within  the  German  lines. 


We  have  also  opened  a  hospital  and  convalescents'  home  for 
these  childrien  at  Evian,  where  we  are  also  operating  an  ambu- 
lance service  for  the  returning  repatries,  who  are  now  coming  in 
at  the  rate  of  1,000  a  day. 

We  are  about  to  establish  infant  welfare  stations  in  connection 
with  each  dispensary  in  the  nation-wide  system  planned  by  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation. 

We  have  taken  over  and  are  carrying  on  and  developing  an 
extensive  tuberculosis  work  formerly  in  charge  of  Mrs.  Edith 
Wharton  and  other  Americans. 

We  are  completing  for  the  French  an  unfinished  tuberculosis 
sanatorium  near  Paris,  and  are  adding  to  the  barracks  for  tubercu- 
losis patients  erected  by  the  city  of  Paris;  this  means  adding 
1,000  beds  to  those  now  available  near  Paris  for  tuberculosis 
patients. 

♦  ■  ♦  *    ^ 

We  are  organizing  a  comprehensive  health  center  in  one  of  the 
departments  of  France. 

We  are  making  arrangements  on  a  large  scale  to  help  refugee 
families  through  the  winter  with  clothing,  beds  and  shelter,  and 
for  this  work  the  entire  devastated  district  of  France  has  been 
divided  into  six  districts  with  a  resident  Red  Cross  delegate  in 
each,  and  warehouses  have  been  established  at  four  points  to 
which  are  shipped  food,  clothing,  bedding,  beds,  household  uten- 
sils and  agricultural  implements. 

82 


tf 


We  are  carrying  on  repair  work  in  four  villages  in  the  devas- 
tated region  to  enable  returned  families  to  stay  throughout  the 
inter. 

We  are  co-operating  with  French  agencies  in  various  kinds  of 
relief  work  in  the  principal  agricultural  centers  in  the  devastated 
region,  and  are  supplying  portable  houses  for  the  use  of  families 
which  have  returned  to  this  region. 


We  are  providing  barracks  to  assist  in  the  work  of  training 
disabled  soldiers,  and  we  expect  to  establish  for  them  experi- 
mental agricultural  stations. 

We  are  organizing  extensive  work  for  relief  of  Belgians,  both 
children  and  grown  people,  and  in  this  connection,  we  are  estab- 
lishing warehouses  near  the  Belgian  front  in  order  that  we  may 
be  ready  to  assist  the  Belgians  who  may  be  liberated  by  a  change 
in  the  fighting  line. 

We  are  aiding  the  Queen  of  Belgium  in  her  work  for  the  chil- 
dren, and  we  are  assisting  in  the  support  of  hospitals  and  other 
works  for  relief  of  Belgian  soldiers. 

In  addition  we  are  bringing  a  certain  number  of  children  from 
occupied  Belgium  into  France  where  they  may  be  cared  for. 


Transportation 

To  enable  us  to  carry  on  our  work  we  have  established  large 
control  warehouses  in  Paris,  and  distribution  warehouses  at 
important  points  from  the  sea  to  the  Swiss  border.  In  these 
warehouses  will  be  stored  hospital  suppUes,  food,  soldiers'  com- 
forts, tobacco,  blankets  and  household  goods,  kitchen  utensils, 
clothing,  beds  and  other  articles  for  reUef . 

Two  hundred  tons  of  supplies  are  arriving  in  Paris  daily,  and 
125  tons  are  being  reshipped  to  various  branch  warehouses. 


Our  total  warehouse  capacity  is  100,000  tons,  and  the  ware- 
house personnel  at  present  numbers  125  men,  many  of  whom  are 
volunteers — American  men  of  education  and  business  training 
not  eUgible  for  mihtary  service. 

Our  transportation  department  with  a  personnel  of  about  400 
handles  our  supplies  and  furnishes  automobiles  for  use  in  our 
work.  It  has  an  organized  force  at  every  port  in  France,  and  is 
able  to  handle  about  350  tons  of  suppUes  daily. 


83 


We  use  400  motor  car  vehicles,  250  of  which  are  trucks  of 
various  sizes. 

In  addition,  we  are  preparing  to  operate  a  motor  bus  line 
through  Switzerland  from  the  German  to  the  French  border  to 
aid  in  transportation  of  repatries  and  exchanged  prisoners. 

We  operate  seven  garages  and  make  all  repairs  on  our  own 
cars. 

Our  transportation  work  is  directed  by  men  experienced  in 
transportation  work  in  America. 


Estimates  of  Expenditures  to  be  Made 

The  Commission  in  France  has  already  submitted  to  the  War 
Council  a  preHminary  estimate  of  the  amount  which  will  be 
necessary  to  carry  on  the  work  now  under  way  in  France.  De- 
tailed budgets  will  follow.  This  statement  suggests  how  im- 
portant it  is  that  adequate  resources  be  accumulated  and  main- 
tained in  the  United  States,  so  that  there  may  be  no  curtailment 
of  the  work  of  relief  in  France. 

The  message  in  part  follows: 

Our  Departments  have  nearly  completed  their  budgets  for  six 
months'  period  ending  April  30th.  As  far  as  we  can  see  now,  if  all  the 
various  lines  of  work  now  contemplated  are  to  be  actively  carried  on, 
the  budgets  v/ill  call  for  an  aggregate  expenditure  of  at  least  $30,000,000 
over  the  six  months'  period.  This  sum,  added  to  appropriations 
already  granted,  will  amount  to  about  $40,000,000,  or  about  four- 
fifths  of  the  amount  which  we  have  understood  is  available  for  work  in 
France  from  the  War  fund  raised  last  summer. 

We  do  not  know  to  what  extent,  if  at  all,  we  are  justified  in  pro- 
ceeding on  the  theory  that  additional  funds  will  be  available,  and 
consequently  it  is  difficult  to  determine  what  we  ought  to  count  on 
spending  during  the  next  six  months.  We  believe  we  could  expend 
$30,000,000  and  more  in  Red  Cross  work  in  France  and  Belgium  with 
the  armies  and  civilian  population  with  most  excellent  results,  and  in 
many  respects  the  coming  winter  will  be  a  most  crucial  time. 

We  must,  however,  at  all  hazards,  reserve  sufficient  funds  to  meet 
all  demands  which  may  be  made  upon  us  by  our  Army  during  the 
coming  year  and  to  enable  us  also  to  deal  satisfactorily  with  the  problem 
of  emergency  reUef  which  will  almost  certainly  result  from  radical 
changes  in  the  line  in  northern  France  and  Belgium.  If  we  can  safely 
count  on  spending  here  approximately  $50,000,000  only,  it  would  be 
folly  for  us  to  proceed  with  the  different  branches  of  our  work  at  a 
rate  which  will  practically  exhaust  that  sum  by  next  summer.  In  this 
case  it  would  be  necessary  tor  us  to  curtail  in  a  most  radical  way  the 
plans  now  in  prospect  for  useful  work  with  the  civilian  population, 
including  work  for  the  care  and  prevention  of  tuberculosis,  relief  of 
refugees  and  children,  the  active  prosecution  of  which  is  greatly  de- 
sired by  the  French  authorities . 

84 


Work  done  with  civil  population  may  have  a  more  important  bearing 
on  the  military  situation  even  than  work  done  with  the  forces,  for  men 
in  the  field  will  be  able  to  carry  out  their  work  better  with  the  knowledge 
that  those  left  at  home  are  being  taken  care  of. 

We  cannot  state  too  strongly  the  critical  situation  that  will  arise 
during  the  coming  winter  and  the  necessity  of  action  in  every  line 
and  in  every  field  which  will  conduce  to  the  firm  establishment  of  the 
morale  of  the  people  and  armies.  The  amount  of  work  that  can  be 
done  in  this  direction  will  be  Umited  solely  by  the  resources  at  our  com- 
mand, both  money  and  material. 


Red  Cross  Transportation  Service 

Fundamental  to  all  Red  Cross  and  all  other  American  activi- 
ties in  France,  and  indeed  in  all  Europe,  is  the  problem  of  trans- 
portation. Materials  must  be  gotten  across  the  Atlantic,  they 
must  reach  the  place  in  the  interior  where  they  are  needed. 

A  Red  Cross  transportation  service  has  accordingly  been 
established  to  handle  the  vast  quantities  of  medical  and  relief 
suppUes  now  being  shipped  almost  daily  to  France,  Belgium, 
Serbia,  Russia  and  other  belligerent  countries. 

This  new  branch  of  Red  Cross  activities  was  made  possible 
I  through  the  co-operation  of  the  French,  British  and  Italian  gov- 
ernments, the  United  States  Shipping  Board  and  the  leading 
steamship  and  railroad  companies.  President  Wilson  has  taken 
a  personal  interest  in  the  establishment  of  this  service.  His  aid 
and  that  of  Chairman  Edward  N.  Hurley,  of  the  Shipping  B'oard, 
formerly  a  member  of  the  Red  Cross  War  Council,  have  been 
invaluable  to  its  success. 

Practically  all  the  cargo  space  needed  for  the  shipment  of 
essential  Red  Cross  supplies  abroad  has  now  been  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  the  War  Council.  Much  of  it  has  been  given  free 
by  the  steamship  companies  and  the  allied  governments.  This 
will  be  used  only  >f or  supplies  most  urgently  needed. 

The  Red  Cross  will  have  cargo  space  on  every  steamer  char- 
tered by  the  United  States  Shipping  Board.  Army  transports 
also  will  carry  Red  Cross  supplies.  Practically  every  line  has 
made  reductions  in  its  passenger  rates  for  Red  Cross  nurses  and 
representatives  traveling  in  Europe. 
l'  In  making  its  ocean  shipping  arrangements  it  will  be  the  poUcy 
of  the  Red  Cross  to  distribute  shipments  among  as  many  steamers 
as  possible.  By  using  all  available  lines,  losses  at  sea,  if  sus- 
tained, will  not  seriously  interrupt  the  Red  Cross  work  of  mercy. 


85 


Motor  Transport  Service 

Materials  can  be  conveyed  across  the  Atlantic  in  transports, 
but  upon  arrival  at  the  French  port  the  vitally  necessary  step 
is  to  get  them  where  they  are  needed  in  the  quickest  possible 
time. 

The  French  railroads  are  overtaxed,  and  their  facilities  must 
be  available  for  the  mihtary  needs  of  the  Army.  The  Red  Cross 
is  accordingly  developing  its  own  motor  transport  service.  This 
has  called  for  an  original  investment  of  considerable  size,  but 
it  was  fundamentally  necessary  and  will  make  it  possible  for 
Red  Cross  service  to  be  flexible  and  elastic  to  a  high  degree. 

The  transportation  department  has  now  a  personnel  of  about 
400,  and  uses  250  trucks  and  150  other  motor  vehicles.  It  is 
able  to  handle  about  350  tons  of  supplies  daily. 


MILITARY  RELIEF 
Work  for  the  American  Army 

Speaking  broadly,  the  first  and  supreme  object  of  American 
Red  Cross  care  is  our  own  Army  and  Navy.  Nothing  that  we 
can  do  to  co-operate  with  the  Army  and  Navy  will  be  left  un- 
done. The  safety,  the  health,  the  comfort  of  our  men  who  are 
fighting  the  country's  battles  three  thousand  miles  from  home 
will  at  all  times  be  the  prime  objects  of  our  attention. 

The  American  Army  in  France  is  received  in  large  reception 
camps  on  the  coast,  and  after  several  weeks  of  preliminary  train- 
ing the  men  are  sent  across  the  country  to  permanent  training 
camps  back  of  the  firing  lines. 

Along  the  route  followed  by  the  troops  the  Red  Cross  is 
establishing  infirmaries  and  rest  stations,  each  in  charge  of  an 
American  trained  nurse  with  an  American  man  to  assist  her. 
Each  infirmary  contains  ten  beds,  a  stock  of  drugs  and  other 
necessities.  The  seriously  sick  are  cared  for  at  French  hos- 
pitals in  the  neighborhood.  Daily  calls  are  made  upon  the 
American  sick  in  the  hospitals  by  the  nurse  and  attendant,  who 
take  with  them  reading  matter,  tobacco,  and  other  comforts.  A 
dental  ambulance  is  being  provided  at  a  port  in  France  for  the 
use  of  American  soldiers  and  sailors. 

86 


Dispensaries  have  been  established  in  the  American  Army 
zone  to  care  for  civiHans  and  to  improve  health  conditions  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  American  camps. 

When  our  men  reach  their  French  base  the  Red  Cross  will 
continue  to  act  as  a  friendly  agency  as  opportunity  may  offer 
to  supplement  what  the  Army  itself  does  to  make  the  men  com- 
fortable. Recuperation  camps  will  be  opened  at  suitable  places, 
and  recreation  huts  are  being  provided  for  the  sick  and  con- 
valescent. 


Relieving  the  "Antilles"  Survivors 

After  the  sinking  of  the  transport  "Antilles,''  the  first  naval 
disaster  suffered  by  the  United  States  since  its  entry  into  the 
war,  the  Red  Cross  was  able  to  extend  immediate  assistance  to 
the  survivors  who  were  landed  at  a  port  in  France. 

Those  who  escaped  from  the  sinking  ship  were  compelled 
to  take  to  the  boats  and  life  rafts  with  such  speed  that  many 
were  in  their  night  clothes  or  only  thinly  clad.  They  could  take 
nothing  whatever  of  their  personal  belongings  save  what  they 
stood  in. 

As  soon  as  news  of  their  arrival  was  received  in  Paris  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  Red  Cross,  provided  with  ample  funds,  was  dis- 
patched to  the  port.  He  was  met  there  by  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  American  Forces  at  the  port  and  also  by  the  Amer- 
ican Consul,  and  aided  them  in  placing  the  survivors  in  hos- 
pitals and  hotels. 

In  order  that  the  members  of  the  crew  of  the  transport,  who 
were  in  Government  employ,  might  receive  without  delay  the 
pay  due  them,  an  amount  sufficient  for  a  week's  wage  for  all 
of  them  was  at  once  advanced  by  the  Red  Cross  representative. 
Furthermore,  the  Red  Cross  representative  was  able  to  attend 
immediately  to  the  matter  of  communicating  to  the  families 
of  the  survivors  in  America  the  fact  that  they  were  safe  and 
well,  for  it  had  not  been  possible  for  any  of  these  men  to  send 
such  messages  home. 

In  addition  to  aiding  these  men,  the  Red  Cross  was  able  to 
give  funds  and  clothing  to  a  number  of  Junior  Army  officers  who 
were  homeward  bound  on  the  transport  and  had  been  unable  to 
save  anything  in  the  hasty  abandonment  of  the  sinking  vessel. 
For  those  of  the  Army  officers  who  could  not  receive  donations, 
the  Red  Cross  representative  cashed  personal  checks. 

87 


Great  care  was  given  to  visiting  the  wounded  in  the  hospitals 
to  make  sure  that  they  were  receiving  the  best  treatment  and 
attention  from  the  moment  of  their  arrival  in  the  port. 

It  is  now  intended  that  a  Red  Cross  office  shall  be  established 
at  this  port  at  once  to  insure  even  more  prompt  action  in  any 
emergencies  which  may  arise  in  future.  Plans  have  been  made 
to  ship  there  a  sufficient  stock  of  clothing,  shoes,  underwear  and 
the  like  to  be  stored  on  Convoys  for  any  eventuality. 


Comforts  for  the  Soldiers 

Canteens  are  being  estabUshed  by  the  Red  Cross  at  railway 
stations  where  American  soldiers  on  reserve  duty  or  on  leave,  and 
those  returning  to  or  from  duty,  may  find  rest  and  refreshment. 
Baths,  food,  and  other  comforts  will  be  made  available  at  these 
canteens. 

Nearly  four  million  cigarettes,  20,000  packages  of  smoking 
tobacco  and  10,000  cuts  of  chewing  tobacco  have  already  been 
sent  to  France  for  the  use  of  our  men. 

When  American  troops  start  for  France,  the  men  are  given 
comfort  kits.  Each  kit  contains  heavy  socks,  handkerchiefs, 
wash-cloth  and  soap,  pencil  and  writing-paper,  a  pipe  and  ''the 
makings,''  playing  cards,  a  mouth-organ  or  game,  buttons,  pin 
and  other  small  articles. 

Christmas  parcels  will  be  sent  over  for  all  enlisted  men  in 
foreign  service,  in  addition  to  the  provision  which  the  Red  Cross 
is  making  for  the  Christmas  cheer  of  men  in  camp  in  America. 
The  Red  Cross  expects  to  see  to  it  that  no  American  soldier  or 
sailor  is  forgotten  at  Christmas  time.  An  appropriation  has 
been  made  for  the  purchase,  in  France  (to  save  cargo  space) 
of  similar  articles  to  be  given  to  French  soldiers  at  Christmas. 


A  Shipment  of  Tobacco 

In  August  the  Red  Cross  received  the  following  cablegram 
from  its  Commission  to  France: 

Please  arrange  to  ship  ten  tons  tobacco  earliest  date;  60  per  cent, 
cigarette  mixture;  20  per  cent,  pipe  tobacco;  20  per  cent,  chewing 
tobacco.  For  use  of  troops.  No  suitable  tobacco  obtainable  here. 
Supply  American  tobacco  exhausted.  Y.  M.  C.  A.  shipment  lost. 
Prompt  shipment  important. 

88 


V- 


The  War  Council,  therefore,  availed  itself  of  a  very  generous 
offer  of  the  Liggett  &  Myers  Tobacco  Co.  and  the  P.  Lorillard 
Co.  to  donate  for  the  use  of  American  troops  abroad  3,000,000 

I     cigarettes,  20,000  packages  of  smoking  tobacco  and  10,000  ten- 
Bpent  cuts  of  chewing  tobacco. 

A  large  consignment  of  tobacco  was  accordingly  forwarded 
immediately.  The  French  Government  having  arranged  to 
admit  free  of  duty  all  articles  consigned  to  American  troops, 
chocolate,  tobacco,  cigarettes,  games,  playing  cards  and  other 
comforts"  are  permitted  free  entry. 


Railway  Canteens  for  the  Troops 

When  French  Army  officers  were  asked  what  the  American 
Red  Cross  could  best  do  to  hearten  the  French  Army  and  to  give 
the  French  soldiers  a  concrete  token  of  American  co-operation, 
ey  said:  *'Give  us  canteens  and  rest  stations.'' 

The  Red  Cross  is  accordingly  establishing  canteens  at  eleven 
important  railway  stations  in  France  for  the  special  use  of  sol- 
diers on  leave,  who  are  constantly  passing  on  their  way  to  and 
from  the  front.  The  need  for  such  service  and  the  general  plan 
were  thus  outlined  by  Major  Murphy: 

Great  assistance  can  be  given  the  French  Army  by  co-operating  in 
the  organization  of  canteens,  resting  and  sleeping  quarters  for  men 
passing  to  and  from  the  front .  At  points  where  trains  must  be  changed , 
ordinary  station  facilities  are  absolutely  inadequate.  Men  returning 
tired  and  dirty  from  the  trenches  wait  many  long  hours,  often  over 
night,  for  train  connections,  and  sleep  on  exposed  platforms  and  in  all 
available  corners. 

Buffets  are  wanted  beyond  any  possible  capacity.  These  men, 
averaging  several  thousand  daily  at  each  station,  should  be  provided 
with  proper  hot  food  at  low  prices,  proper  sleeping  and  reading  rooms, 
and  facilities  for  washing  and  disinfection  from  disease-carrying  trench 
vermin,  which  otherwise  would  be  brought  into  homes.  Men  return- 
ing to  the  front  would  be  given  additional  stimulus  and  enthusiasm 
through  such  special  attention  on  the  part  of  American  women.  All 
of  this  tends  to  develop  a  better  morale  as  well  as  physique.  Work  can 
and  should  be  started  immediately  to  provide  against  the  particular 
hardships  of  the  winter  months. 

Remember  that  the  diseases  brought  from  the  trenches  to  the  home 
constitute  a  grave  menace,  also  that  long  journeys  in  an  exhausted 
condition  deprive  men  of  the  necessary  power  of  resistance. 

We  believe  no  work  more  immediately  important  to  safeguard  the 
homes  and  the  soldiers  and  to  convince  the  country  at  large  that  we  are 
working  with  them,  and  earnestly  recommend  an  appropriation  for  the 
purpose.  * 

The  entire  plan  will  be  carried  out  in  accordance  with  the  views  of 
General  Pershing  and  the  French  Army. 

89 


The  War  Council  has  made  an  appropriation  to  establish  and 
maintain  these  eleven  canteens  and  similar  facilities  at  stations 
in  and  about  Paris  for  men  on  leave.  Much  of  the  original 
equipment  is  provided  by  the  French  military  authorities. 

American  Women  in  Canteens 

The  Woman's  Bureau  undertook  to  recruit  one  hundred 
American  women  to  serve  in  canteens  and  rest  stations  in  France . 
Only  women  of  robust  health,  between  the  ages  of  thirty  and  fifty, 
were  considered,  and  applicants  were  required  to  show  that  they 
had  worked  for  the  American  Red  Cross  or  in  regular  occupations 
requiring  a  high  order  of  service  and  a  capacity  for  self-sacrifice. 

Fifty-two  of  these  women  are  already  in  France.  Their 
names  follow: 


MISS  MARY  VAIL  ANDRESS 
MISS  MARION  H.  BECKETT 
MISS  EMILY  M.  BENNETT 
MISS  SOPHIA  BERGER 
MRS.      AMELIA     VANDER     K. 

CHURCH 
MRS.  KATHLEEN  P.  DAVIS 
MISS  IRENE  M.  GIVENWILSON 
MISS  CORNELIA  B.  KNOX 
MISS  MARY  T.  LANE 
MISS  FRANCES  MITCHELL 
MISS    ELLA    UNDERHILL 

OSBORNE 
MRS.  ELEANOR  C.  PRIME 
MISS  AGNES  E.  SHEEHAN 
MISS  EMILY  P.  SIMMONDS 
MRS.  ELIZABETH  H.  TAYLOR 
MRS.  CARLOTTA  DAVIS 

THRASHER 
MRS.  ANNE  TIFFANY 
MRS.  BARBOUR  WALKER 
MRS.  MEREDITH  WATERBURY 
MISS  ELIZABETH  D.  YOUNG 

all  of  New  York  City 

MRS.  ISABEL  PERKINS  ANDER- 
SON 
MRS.  RANDOLPH  DICKENS 
MISS  CATHERINE  RUSH 
PORTER,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

MISS  ELLEN  P.  KILPATRICK 
MISS  ALICE  WOLFF  MILLER 
MISS     MARY     VAN     ARSDALE 
TONGUE,  of  Baltimore,  Md. 

MISS  ALICE  LORD  O'BRIAN 
MISS  ANNA  PERIT  ROCHESTER 
of  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

MISS  EMMA  S.  LANSING 

MISS  KATHERINE  LANSING,  of 

Watertown,  N.  Y. 

(Sister  of  the  Secretary  of  State) 


MISS  ELIZABETH  ANDERSON 
MISS  FRANCES  ANDERSON 

of  New  Canaan,  Conn, 
MISS  FLORENCE  HERRICK 
MISS  HARRIETT  P.  HERRICK 

of  Roselle,  N.  J. 
MRS.  JEAN  B.  HULL 
MISS  AMY  E.  BREWER, 

of  Chicago,  111. 
MISS  ALICE  CYNTHIA  ARCHI- 
BALD 
MRS.  GERTRUDE  L.  HEATWOLE. 

of  Northfield,  Minn. 
MISS  GRACE  NICHOLS 

of  Boston,  Mass. 
MISS  RUTH  E.  SMITH 

of  Yonkers,  N.  Y. 
MISS  HARRIETTE  ROGERS 

of  Garrison-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 
MISS  FRANCES  E.  SHELTON 

of  Scarsdale,  N.  Y. 
MISS  ETHEL  BURNET 

of  Watch  Hill,  R.  I. 
MISS  LOIS  BRUNDRED 

of  Oil  City,  Penn. 
MRS.   MARY  STICKNEY  LAW- 
RENCE 

of  Rutland,  Vt. 
MISS  MILDRED  COWING 

of  Wyoming,  Ohio 
MISS  MARY  HELEN  FEE 

of  Oak  Park,  111. 
MISS  CORNELIA  B.  GREEN 

of  Detroit,  Mich. 
MISS  BLANCHARD  SCOTT 

of  Ft.  Mayer,  Va. 
MISS  WILHELMINA  TENNEY 

of  Honolulu,  Hawaii 


The  women  in  this  canteen  service  will  work  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Major  Murphy  and  a  committee  of  American  women  in 
Paris,  of  which  Mrs.  William  G.  Sharp,  wife  of  the  American 
Ambassador,  is  Chairman. 

90 


The  Canteens  at  Work 

'  The  first  of  these  canteens  was  opened  in  September,  and 
began  immediately  to  serve  large  numbers  of  French  soldiers 
and  some  American  troops.  It  has  been  used  by  an  average 
of  2,000  men  daily. 

The  first  visitors  were  a  troop  of  chasseurs  who  had  been 
instructing  the  American  troops,  and  on  the  same  evening  a 
large  number  of  American  engineers,  leaving  by  a  train  at  one 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  were  given  a  warm  welcome. 

There  are  eighteen  women  who  serve,  day  and  night.  The 
menu  includes  soup,  bread,  meat,  vegetables,  salads,  cheese, 
eggs,  coffee,  chocolate  and  tea;  an  additional  store  offers  canned 
goods,  chocolate,  fruit  and  tobacco  which  men  can  buy  to  take 
with  them  on  the  train,  as  well  as  postcards  and  other  small 
articles. 

Arrangements  for  announcing  the  departure  of  trains  have 
enabled  between  300  and  400  men  to  catch  a  few  hours  of  much 
needed  rest  in  comfortable,  clean  quarters,  without  fear  of  miss- 
ing their  trains.  Six  hundred  men  can  be  so  accommodated. 
Showers  and  wash  basins  are  also  provided. 

The  picture  presented  by  such  a  canteen  when  it  is  filled 
with  soldiers  is  described  in  a  cable  to  the  Chicago  Daily  News 
from  Junius  B.  Wood,  in  part,  as  follows: 


Back  of  a  long  porcelain-tiled  counter  American  women  in  white 
caps  and  white  aprons  were  pouring  coffee,  ladling  soup  and  handing 
out  sandwiches  as  fast  as  their  arms  could  work.  In  front  was  an 
unending  line  of  soldiers,  American  and  French,  with  bowls  of  soup  or 
coffee  in  one  hand  and  sandwiches,  sausages  and  tobacco  in  the  other, 
making  their  way  gingerly  through  the  crowd  from  the  counter  to  seats 
at  the  tables  in  the  big  room. 

This  canteen  seats  360  an  hour  in  the  dining-room,  which  is  capable 
of  handling  6,000  guests  daily.  There  are  twenty-one  shower  baths, 
a  barber  shop ,  a  clothes  sterilizer  and  bo  mbproof  movie  theatre .  All  is 
free  except  the  food,  for  which  there  is  a  nominal  charge.  On  the  other 
side  of  the  railroad  tracks  a  garden  has  been  laid  out  where,  in  a  kiosk, 
the  French  Government  dispenses  wine  to  its  own  troops.  While 
waiting  for  trains  the  soldiers  relax  and  rest. 

Everything  is  sold  at  cost,  no  allowance  being  made  for  the  big 
overhead  expenses.  In  addition,  much  is  distributed  free.  A  bowl  of 
soup,  which  is  quite  different  from  the  usual  onion-flavoured  greasy 
hot  water,  costs  3  cents,  and  other  things  are  sold  at  proportionately 
low  prices.    Soup  and  coffee  are  both  served  in  bowls. 

There  are  no  spoons,  cups,  knives  or  forks,  for  these  never  return. 
For  13  cents  one  gets  a  dinner  consisting  of  soup,  beef  or  lamb,  vegetable 
salad,  cheese,  pudding  or  fruit,  coffee,  chocolate  or  bouillon.  Tea  is 
brewed  especially  for  passing  British  troops. 

91 


^'The  pleasure  and  appreciation  of  all  the  men  who  pass 
through  is  most  gratifying,"  the  Red  Cross  Commission  reports, 
adding: 

To  see  the  men  comfortably  swapping  stories  over  a  cup  of  coffee , 
struggling  over  a  game  or  a  puzzle,  or  chatting  over  the  counter  with 
our  workers,  convinces  us  that  our  first  effort  to  divert  the  thoughts 
of  the  men  from  the  excitement  and  horrors  of  the  trenches  into  quiet 
and  relaxing  channels  has  been  successful. 


Canteens  in  the  Field 

Near  the  firing  line  the  Red  Cross  is  establishing  field  can- 
teens. Extending  the  work  already  begun  by  a  branch  of  the 
French  Red  Cross  (La  Societe  de  Secours  aux  Blesses  Militaires) 
it  will  provide  one  of  these  canteens  for  every  corps  of  the  French 
Army,  and  later  for  the  American  Army  as  well. 

Such  canteens  are  placed  in  or  near  the  second  line  where 
men  going  to  and  from  the  trenches  can  conveniently  stop.  A 
field  kitchen  is  maintained  there,  from  which  the  refreshing 
drinks  are  distributed  along  the  front  by  wagons  and  light  motor 
trucks.  Each  station  can  keep  about  125  gallons  of  hot  drinks 
at  the  boiling  point .  Four  thousand  portions — coffee ,  tea ,  cocoa , 
bouillon,  lemonade,  etc., — are  sometimes  served  from  one  can- 
teen in  a  single  day. 

Here,  too,  American  workers  will  be  found.  A  Red  Cross 
representative  and  a  French  officer  are  on  duty  at  each  canteen. 
Many  of  the  poilus  will  get  their  first  glimpse  of  the  American 
uniform  in  this  way. 


Base  Hospitals 

The  work  of  the  Red  Cross  in  organizing  and  equipping  base 
hospital  units  for  service  in  the  Army  Medical  Corps  has  already 
been  described  in  Part  I. 

In  advance  of  the  fighting  forces  the  United  States  sent  to 
the  European  battlefields  six  of  these  base  hospitals,  the  first 
United  States  Army  organizations  which  went  to  Europe.  These 
were  sent  at  the  request  of  the  British  Commission. 

More  than  a  dozen  base  hospitals  organized  by  the  American 
Red  Cross  are  now  seeing  active  service  in  France,  and  others 
are  rapidly  being  made  ready  for  foreign  service. 

92 


Base  Hospital  Units  at  Work 

An  Associated  Press  dispatch  from  the  British  Headquarters 
in  France  and  Belgium  gives  the  following  account  of  the  work 
of  six  American  base  hospital  units  now  in  service  abroad: 

The  six  medical  units  which  were  sent  over  from  the  United  States 
to  take  charge  of  six  British  base  hospitals  have  become  a  part  of  the 
smoothly  running  organization  that  the  British  have  developed.  The 
Americans  feel  that  they  are  fortunate  in  their  position.  They  reahze 
that  they  have  much  to  learn  about  war  hospitals,  and  they  are  having 
the  opportunity  of  learning  rapidly  from  men  who  have  had  more  than 
three  years'  experience. 

The  British,  on  the  other  hand,  recognize  fully  the  sacrifices  that 
have  been  made  by  the  Americans, *tnany  of  them  eminent  surgeons 
with  big  practices  at  home,  in  coming  to  France  to  assist  in  caring  for 
the  wounded.  These  sacrifices  are  appreciated,  and  the  attitude  of  the 
British  Medical  Service,  from  the  Director  General  down,  has  been  most 
sympathetic  and  helpful. 

A  Bright  Spot  in  the  War 

The  excellent  work  being  done  by  the  American  units  has  frequently 

been  the  subject  of  complimentary  remarks  by  all  ranks  of  the  British 

medical  organization.     The  service  which  the  workers  from  the  United 

-    States  have  performed  is  characterized  as  one  of  the  bright  spots  in  a 

war  which  is  causing  so  much  misery. 

Roughly  speaking,  the  six  base  hospitals  conducted  by  the  Americans 
have  beds  for  about  1,500  patients  each,  and  there  are  many  times 
when  they  are  filled  to  overflowing,  for  base  hospitals  must  care,  not 
only  for  their  own  wounded,  but  for  Germans  as  well.  The  six  base 
hospitals  have,  in  addition  to  their  other  work,  furnished  some  ten  surgi- 
cal teams  for  service  in  casualty  clearing  stations  near  the  firing-line. 
These  teams  usually  consist  of  a  surgeon,  an  assistant,  a  nurse  and  an 
orderly. 

American  surgeons  whose  names  are  famous  internationally  are 
laboring  beside  youthful  medical  officers  who  have  sat  under  them 
in  the  classroom  at  home.  Dr.  Crile,  of  Cleveland;  Dr.  Gushing,  of 
Harvard;  Dr.  Brewer,  of  New  York;  Dr.  Harte,  of  Philadelphia;  Dr. 
Murphy,  of  St.  Louis,  and  Dr.  Besley,  of  Chicago — they  call  them 
majors  over  here — all  have  been  or  are  at  present  working  night  and 
day  in  casualty  clearing  stations,  which  have  been  caring  for  the 
wounded  from  the  last  great  ofTensive. 

These  surgical  teams  have  had  one  characteristic  experience.  Their 
work  is  hampered  and  their  lives  are  endangered  by  German  airmen, 
who  persist  in  hurling  high  explosives  down  among  them.  In  OT\e  of 
the  latest  raids,  the  German  aviators  killed  or  re-wounded  many  of 
their  own  men,  prisoners,  who  were  being  cared  for  in  one  of  these 
hospitals. 


A  Hospital  Under  Fire 

German  airmen  raided  the  U.S.  Army  Base  Hospital  Unit  of 
Harvard  University  on  the  night  of  September  4th,  killing  an 

93 


officer  and  three  Army  privates,  and  wounding  32.  A  cable 
report  of  the  attack  and  the  behavior  of  the  staff,  from  the  Red 
Cross  Commission,  follows: 

Five  bombs  were  thrown.  The  explosions  instantly  killed  Lieutenant 
William  T.  Fitzsimons  of  the  Medical  Officers'  Reserve  Corps,  U.  S. 
Army,  and  three  Army  privates,  and  woimded  Lieutenants  Clarence  A. 
McGuire,  Thaddeus  D.  Smith,  and  Rea  W.  Whidden,  O.  R.  C.  U.  S.  A., 
six  privates,  a  woman  nurse,  and  22  patients  from  the  British  lines  who 
were  under  treatment  there  for  wounds  already  received. 
!  The  aeroplane  attack  occurred  at  11  o'clock  at  night.  Just  at  that 
time,  fortunately,  no  convoy  of  wounded  was  being  received  or  the 
list  of  casualties  would  have  been  far  greater.  One  of  the  bombs  fell  in 
the  center  of  the  large  reception  tent  to  which  the  wounded  are  first 
borne  for  examination.  Ten  seconds  sufficed  for  the  dropping  of  the 
bombs  from  the  fast  flying  plane  and  within  less  than  a  minute  after- 
ward the  surgeons  of  the  hospital  were  at  the  task  of  collecting  and 
attending  those  who  had  been  struck  down.  And  for  24  hours  they 
were  at  work  in  the  operating  room,  one  surgeon  reheving  another  when 
the  latter  from  simple  exhaustion  could  work  no  longer.  And  the  very 
next  day,  just  as  if  nothing  had  happened,  these  same  surgeons  were 
called  upon  to  receive  and  care  for  200  wounded  sent  in  from  the  trenches 
of  the  British  Expeditionary  Force. 

The  hospital,  which  is  on  the  French  coast,  has  1 ,800  beds  under  can- 
vas in  a  quadrangle  800  feet  square .  It  is  in  a  district  in  which  there 
are  many  similar  institutions,  and  is  unmistakable  as  a  hospital. 

At  the  time  the  German  aviator  flew  over  it,  most  of  the  surgical  staff 
were  engaged  in  making  rounds  of  the  wards.  Lieutenant  Fitzsimons, 
however,  was  standing  at  the  door  flap  of  his  tent.  There  had  been  a 
brief  warning  of  the  presence  of  a  bombing  aeroplane  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, because,  a  quarter  of  a  minute  before,  the  sound  of  exploding 
bombs  had  been  heard  from  a  point  perhaps  200  yards  from  the  hospital . 
This  warning  sufficed  to  cause  all  lights  in  the  tents  to  be  extinguished 
immediately  and  those  who  had  been  under  fire  before  threw  themselves 
face  down  upon  the  ground. 

Then  came  five  explosions  in  rapid  succession  in  the  hospital  itself. 
The  first  two  were  directly  in  front  of  Lieutenant  Fitzsimon's  tent.  The 
next  two  fell  a  hundred  feet  beyond  in  a  five  marquee  ward  in  which 
there  were  many  patients,  and  the  last  struck  the  reception  tent.  Over- 
head there  was  no  sound.  The  German  aviator  flew  too  high  to  be  heard, 
but  he  left  his  identity  behind  him,  not  only  in  the  bombs  he  dropped, 
but  in  the  derisive  handful  of  pfennigs  he  scattered  upon  the  hospital 
as  he  whirled  away.    A  number  of  these  were  found  when  light  came. 

Not  the  Smallest  Sign  of  Panic 

Although  the  exploding  bombs  created  horror  in  the  hospital  there 
was  not  the  smallest  sign  of  panic,  and  the  work  of  discovering  the 
wounded  and  collecting  them  was  immediately  begun.  This  was  made 
cruelly  difficult  by  the  darkness,  but  everyone  sprang  to  it  with  a  will. 
Many  of  the  injured  had  been  blown  from  their  cots,  some  even  out- 
side their  tents,  where  they  were  found  tangled  in  the  tent  ropes. 

The  American  nurse,  although  struck  in  the  face  by  a  fragment  of 
steel  from  the  bomb,  refused  to  be  relieved  and  remained  at  her  task 
courageously  to  the  end.  A  hospital  orderly,  who  worked  untiringly, 
was  found  later  to  have  been  struck  in  the  head  by  a  fragment  and  pain- 
fully injured.    He  had  tied  up  his  head  and  worked  on. 

94 


In  the  operating  room,  Captains  Horace  Binney  and  Elliott  Cutler, 
with  their  assistants,  worked  all  night  long.  Several  delicate  operations 
were  performed  and  their  task  was  made  all  the  harder  by  the  fact  that 
in  innumerable  cases  the  patients  were  in  serious  danger  of  infection 
from  the  pieces  of  wood  and  nails  and  dirt  which  had  been  blown  into 
their  bodies. 

Lieutenant  Colonel  R.  IT.  Patterson,  U.  S.  A.,  commanding  oflBcer 
of  the  Unit,  and  Major  Harvey  Gushing,  head  of  the  surgical  force, 
the  latter  being  at  the  front  at  the  time  of  the  disaster,  have  expressed 
the  highest  admiration  for  the  manner  in  which  the  emergency  was  met. 
Latest  reports  are  that  the  condition  of  the  wounded  is  progressing 
satisfactorily. 


Other  Hospitals  Taken  Over 

IB 

'^  The  American  Red  Cross  has  taken  over,  under  the  control 
of  the  United  States  Army,  the  administration  of  the  American 
Ambulance  Hospital  at  Neuilly.  This  was  established  in  Au- 
gust, 1914,  in  a  building  designed  for  the  Lycee  Pasteur,  and  has 
had  the  loyal  support  of  over  4,000  American  contributors  mar- 
shalled by  the  American  Committee  of  the  American  Ambulance 
Hospital  in  Paris.  It  is  now  known  as  American  Red  Cross 
Military  Hospital  No.  1. 

The  hospital  in  Paris  directed  by  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake,  the 
distinguished  American  surgeon,  now  Major  Blake,  has  become 
American  Red  Cross  Mihtary  Hospital  No.  2,  and  is  adminis- 
tered by  the  Red  Cross,  which  will  henceforth  supply  the  neces- 
sary funds  for  its  support.  It  will  be  used  primarily  for  soldiers 
of  the  United  States  Army,  but  for  the  present,  by  agreement 
with  the  French  Army,  it  is  continuing  to  care  for  a  number  of 
French  soldiers. 

A  Red  Cross  Medical  Hospital  for  the  care  of  non-surgical 
cases  among  the  American  nurses,  ambulance  drivers  and  other 
Red  Cross  personnel  is  being  established  near  Paris,  and  it  is 
expected  that  other  new  hospitals  will  have  to  be  provided. 


Hospital  Supply  Service 

How  to  co-ordinate  all  the  military  hospitals  maintained  by 
American  and  other  foreign  societies  and  individuals,  and  to  pro- 
vide them  with  the  supplies  and  materials  they  needed  at  a  mini- 
mum cost,  was  one  of  the  first  problems  undertaken  by  the  Red 
Cross  Commission  on  its  arrival  in  Paris.  The  distribution 
services  maintained  by  the  American  Relief  Clearing  House 

95 


and  Mrs.  Robert  W.  Bliss,  which  were  put  at  its  disposal  shortly 
after  it  began  work,  contributed  to  the  solution  of  this 
problem. 

Sixteen  warehouses  have  already  been  established  in  France 
as  a  part  of  the  new  Hospital  Supply  Service  and  others  will  be 
added.  An  appropriation  of  $1,019,000  has  been  made  so  that 
drugs,  medicines,  surgical  instruments  and  other  supphes  will 
be  available  as  needed. 

Six  of  these  new  Red  Cross  warehouses  have  been  located 
in  Paris  and  ten  in  departments  outside  the  capital.  Plans  are 
under  way  to  increase  the  warehouse  facilities  at  French  seaports. 
Approximately  fifteen  thousand  tons  of  materials  are  now  being 
distributed  monthly  from  these  warehouses  by  the  Red  Cross 
Commission,  and  3,423  French  military  hospitals  are  being 
served.  Two  thousand  French  hospitals  are  reached  by  the 
Red  Cross  Surgical  Dressings  Service. 

The  warehouses  in  Paris  alone  have  a  capacity  of  three  and 
a  half  milHon  cubic  feet  and  can  take  care  of  sixty  thousand  tons 
of  supplies  at  a  time.  The  total  warehouse  capacity  is  100,000 
tons. 

As  Director  of  the  new  Hospital  Supply  Service  the  War 
Council  sent  to  France,  Stanley  Field,  of  Marshall  Field  &  Co., 
of  Chicago.  He  has  been  appointed  a  Deputy  Commissioner. 
Assisting  Mr.  Field  and  in  charge  of  the  various  warehouses  is 
a  group  of  business  or  professional  men  who  volunteer  their 
services  for  the  period  of  the  war.  Among  them  are  the  fol- 
lowing: 

JOHN  WOODWARD,  of  the  Curtis  Publishing  Company,  New  York  City. 

TODD  W.  LEV/IS,  of  Minneapolis. 

KENNARD   WINDSOR,   of  Boston. 

J.  SHELDEN  TILNEY  and  RUSSELL  ARMSTRONG,  of  New  York. 

HENRY  S.  SHERMAN,  Cleveland,  O. 

Vice-President  of  the  Standard  Car  Wheel  Co. 
PHILIP  L.   SMITH,  Short  Hills,  N.  J. 

Banker  and  member  of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange. 
E.  W.  OGDEN,  Knoxville,  Tenn. 

President  of  the  Citizens'  National  Bank. 
JOHNSON  DE  FOREST,  New  York. 

Lawyer   and    son    of    Robert    W.    de   Forest,    Vice-President    of    the    American 

Red  Cross. 
KNOWLTON   MIXER,  retired  lumberman. 

GEORGE  T.  RICE,  Boston,  of  the  banking  house  of  Bond  &  Goodwin. 
WALTER  MORRISON,  Minneapolis,  retired  lumberman. 

C.  H.  MOORMAN,  Louisville,  Ky.,  law  partner  of  United  States  Senator  Beckham. 
LEWIS   M.    WILLIAMS,   Cleveland,   O. 

Of   the    Sherwin-Williams    Paint    Co. 

D.  S.  BLOSSOM,  Cleveland,  O., 

Vice-President  of  the  William  Bingham  Co.,  wholesale  hardware 
ALDEN  SWIFT,  Chicago. 

Of  the  packing  firm  of  Swift  &  Co. 

The  force  of  workmen  is  recruited  from  veteran  French 
soldiers  and  Belgian  men  no  longer  fit  for  military  duty. 

96 


Ill 

i  hi 


All  Kinds  of  Relief  Supplies 

The  stocks  of  goods  carried  by  the  warehouses  are  as  varied 
as  those  of  great  wholesale  houses  or  department  stores.  Every 
kind  of  medical  supplies,  drugs,  and  surgical  instruments  is  car- 
ried for  the  use  of  hospital  staffs.  Foodstuffs,  clothing,  build- 
ing materials,  plowing  implements  and  tools  are  also  being  im- 
orted  in  large  quantities  for  the  assistance  of  French  refugees. 

A  large  portion  of  these  supplies  is  received  directly  from  the 
nited  States  and  is  forwarded  by  the  Red  Cross  Supply  Service 
from  chapter  work-rooms  and  from  relief  societies  co-operating 
with  the  Red  Cross. 

When  it  is  possible,  supplies  are  purchased  in  France,  owing 
to  the  great  shortage  of  ocean  tonnage.  Major  Murphy  re- 
ported in  regard  to  such  transactions: 

Our  transportation  problem  is  tremendous,  and  we  must  be  in  a 
position  to  prepare  for  it  promptly.  By  buying  here,  we  get  immediate 
delivery  and  avoid  transportation  difficulties.  We  also  place  ourselves 
in  a  position  where  we  can  very  largely  take  care  of  emergencies,  not 
only  for  France  but  for  our  own  Army. 

We  are  working  as  an  absolute  unit  with  the  chief  medical  officers  of 
our  own  Army  here,  and  they  desire  us  to  accumulate  a  reasonable 
reservoir  of  supplies  on  which  they  can  draw  in  case  of  emergency. 

Certain  immediate  purchases  are  necessary  in  order  to  avoid  loss  of 
material.  It  is  absolutely  necessary  for  us  to  take  a  position  where  we 
can  properly  care  for  our  own  troops. 


How  the  Warehouses  Help 

What  this  hospital  supply  service  means  in  increasing  the 
effectiveness  of  many  of  the  war  hospitals  in  France  is  shown  in 
a  message  received  from  Dr.  Harvey  Cushing,  of  Boston,  now 
a  Major  in  the  United  States  Army  and  in  charge  of  a  base  hos- 
pital which  is  serving  behind  the  British  lines  in  France.  Major 
Cushing  wrote  in  part: 

I  cannot  tell  you  how  cheered  I  was  when  I  found  how  well  organized 
the  Red  Cross  was  in  Paris  and  what  a  great  start  you  had  made. 

When  an  American  officer  could  actually  walk  into  the  warehouse  you 
had  taken  over  and  find  Squibb's  and  MaUinckrodt's  ether,  bathrobes, 
adhesive  plaster,  aspirin,  surgical  instruments,  kerosene  lamps,  canvas 
aprons,  aspirating  needles  and  many  other  things  which  our  camps 
happen  to  need,  I  for  the  first  time  began  to  realize  what  the  Red  Cross 
might  be  able  to  do  for  waifs  like  ourselves  over  here. 

It  all  goes  to  show  what  an  enormously  important  part  the  Red  Cross 
will  undoubtedly  come  to  play  as  more  people  come  over  and  our 
affairs  overseas  get  more  and  more  oomph ca ted. 

97 


Unquestionably  countless  emergencies  will  arise  and  sudden  calls 
such  as  ours  will  be  made  for  odd  and  diverse  things;  and  I  hope  that 
we  may  see  huge  storehouses  estabhshed  under  you  where  those  in  need 
can  get  the  supplies  which  are  absolutely  essential  to  their  work — 
whether  it  be  an  automobile  or  a  hypodermic  needle. 

Certainly  the  people  at  home  will  subscribe  with  their  accustomed 
liberality  to  an  organization  of  this  kind  and  you  will  do  as  much 
toward  winning  the  war  as  the  men  who  carry  the  rifles. 


Special  Aid  to  Military  Hospitals 

In  response  to  an  urgent  cablegram  from  Major  Murphy, 
the  Red  Cross  has  shipped  to  Europe  100,000  one-half  pound 
tins  of  ether. 

The  War  Council,  in  addition,  has  authorized  Major  Murphy 
to  establish,  as  soon  as  practicable,  a  central  plant  to  manufac- 
ture nitrous  oxide,  or  "laughing  gas,"  one  of  the  most  effective 
and  harmless  of  anaesthetics  for  short  operations. 

American  machinery  will  be  shipped  to  France  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  American  operatives  will  be  sent  over  to  conduct  the 
plant. 

With  the  equipment  will  go  materials  for  manufacturing  the 
gas,  hundreds  of  tanks  for  storing  it  and  transporting  it  to  the 
hospitals,  and  complete  apparatus  for  administering  it  in  the 
operating  rooms.  This  will  provide  a  complete  plant  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  anaesthetic,  and  will  make  the  war  surgeons 
independent  of  overseas  importation.  The  Red  Cross  plant, 
with  a  capacity  for  producing  30,000  gallons  daily,  will  about 
double  the  volume  of  nitrous  oxide  available  in  France. 

Also,  by  reason  of  the  shortage  of  surgical  apparatus,  the 
Red  Cross  has  planned  to  establish  in  France  a  small  factory  for 
the  repair  of  surgical  apparatus  and  the  manufacture  of  splints 
and  hospital  appliances.  Ten  portable  ice-making  plants  will 
be  set  up  in  France,  with  machinery  sent  from  the  United  States, 
for  the  use  of  the  American  base  hospitals. 

Military  Medical  Research 

The  War  Council  has  appropriated  $100,000  for  general 
military  medical  research  work  in  France,  including  special 
methods  of  recognition  and  study  of  diseases  among  soldiers. 

This  action  followed  a  report  from  the  Red  Cross  Commission 
in  France  to  National  Headquarters  as  follows: 

An  extraordinary  opportunity  presents  itself  here  for  medical  re- 
search work.  We  have,  serving  with  various  American  units,  some  of 
the  ablest  doctors  and  surgeons  in  the  United  States.     Many  of  these 

98 


incu  are  already  conducting  courses  of  investigation  which,  if  carried 
to  successful  conclusions,  will  result  in  the  discovery  of  treatments  and 
methods  of  operation  which  will  be  of  great  use  not  only  in  this  war 
but  possibly  for  years  afterwards.  To  carry  on  their  work  they  need 
certain  special  laboratory  equipment,  suitable  buildings  and  animals 
for  experimental  purposes.  At  present  equipment  and  personnel  can- 
not be  obtained  through  ordinary  government  sources  without  delay, 
which  makes  this  source  of  supply  quite  impracticable. 

The  foregoing  recommendation,  like  all  others  of  a  medical 
nature  from  the  Commission  in  France,  was  submitted  to  an 
Advisory  Medical  Board  in  France  composed  of  leading  Amer- 
ican doctors  working  with  our  own  forces  in  that  country. 
They  approved  it. 

This  advisory  board  is  headed  by  Dr.  Joseph  A.  Blake,  with 
whom  are  associated: 

COL.  IRELAND, 

of  General   PershiuE's  staff; 
DR.  LIVINGSTON  FARRAND, 

President  of  the  University  of  Colorado; 
DR.  ALEXANDER  LAMBERT, 

Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine,  Cornell  Medical  School; 
DR.  JOHN  M.  FINNEY, 

Professor  of  Clinical  Surgery  at  Johns  Hopkins  University; 
DRS.  RICHARD  P.  STRONG  and  W.  B.  CANNON, 

Professors  at  Harvard  University; 
MAJOR  GEORGE  W.  CRILE, 

head   of  the  Cleveland   Base  Hospital  Unit,  and  discoverer   of  a  method   of 
eliminating  surgical  shock,  which  is  already  reducing  mortality;   and 
DR.  HUGH  H.  YOUNG, 

Professor  at  Johns  Hopkins  University. 


I 


The  committee  in  charge  of  this  research  work  in  France 
headed  by  Dr.  W.  B.  Cannon,  Professor  of  Physiology  at 
Harvard,  includes: 

DR.   BLAKE,  DR.    HARVEY    CUSHING,    Professor 

DR.   CRILE,  of  Surgery  at  Harvard; 

COLONEL  IRELAND,  DR.  JAMES  A.  MILLER,  Professor  of 

DR.   ALEXANDER  LAMBERT,  np     wifTTT^'^r'TTfT^T^rw^^ 

r»p    T?Tr-wATjr»  t>    csTwrnMn  D^-    WILLIAM    CHARLES    WHITE, 

DK.  KICHAKU  i'.  blKOJNU,  Associate   Professor   of   Medicine   at 

DR.  KENNETH  TAYLOR,  Pittsburgh;   and 

DR.    W.    B.    CANNON,    Professor  of       DR.  H0ME51  F.  SWIFT,  Professor  of 

Physiology  at  Harvard;  Medicine  at  Cornell. 

The  question  has  been  raised  as  to  whether  the  appropriation 
for  medical  research  was  not  outside  the  proper  scope  of  Red 
Cross  activity. 

The  answer  is  simple.  The  supreme  aim  of  the  Red  Cross  is 
to  relieve  human  suffering  growing  out  of  war.  The  War  Council 
was  advised  from  the  ablest  professional  sources  available  that 
an  immediate  appropriation  for  medical  research  would  contrib- 
ute toward  that  end.  The  War  Council  could  not  disregard 
such  advice. 

There  are  many  unsolved  medical  questions  of  great  impor- 
tance in  this  war.     Numerous  problems  relating  to  the  treat- 

99 


ment  of  wounds,  the  eradication  of  lice,  fleas  and  scabies,  the 
treatment  of  trench  nephritis,  trench  heart,  war  neurasthenia, 
exhaustion,  lethal  gases,  shell  consussion,  wound  infection,  com- 
pound fracture  and  a  great  variety  of  other  diseases  and  injuries 
are  still  to  worked  out.  The  solution  of  such  problems  will 
contribute  not  only  toward  the  relief  of  suffering  but  toward 
more  effective  prosecution  of  the  war.  Scientific  experience  is 
conclusive  that  the  most  rapid  possible  approach  to  such 
solution  is  through  medical  research. 

To  safeguard  expenditures  under  this  appropriation  it  has 
been  arranged  that  all  applications  for  grants  from  it  shall  be 
made  through  the  chief  medical  officer  of  the  American  Ex- 
peditionary Force,  Brigadier  General  A.  E.  Bradley,  and  such 
recommendation  is  essential  to  consideration  of  such  expendi- 
ture. 


The  Red  Cross  and  the  Army  in  France 

All  recommendations  to  the  Red  Cross  War  Council  covering 
appropriations  or  work  of  medical,  surgical  or  hospital  character 
are,  before  being  made  by  the  French  Commission,  submitted 
to  an  advisory  medical  board  in  France,  composed  of  leading 
American  doctors  working  with  our  own  forces  in  that  country. 
Such  recommendations  are  also  laid  before  the  Red  Cross  Medi- 
cal Advisory  Board  in  this  country,  of  which  Dr.  Simon  Flexner 
is  chairman.  The  Red  Cross  War  Council  thus  has  at  its  dis- 
posal in  these  vital  matters  the  most  expert  advice  obtainable. 

The  whole  Red  Cross  campaign  in  France  is  being  carried 
through  in  close  co-operation  with  General  Pershing.  The  Red 
Cross  is  in  perfect  accord  with  the  medical  officers  on  his  staff, 
and  nothing  which  we  can  possibly  foresee  to  save  the  soldiers 
of  our  army  from  suffering  or  hardship  will  be  left  uncovered. 


Relief  of  Sick  and  Wounded  Soldiers 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  appropriated  $1,000,000 
from  the  War  Fund  for  the  relief  of  sick  and  wounded  French 
soldiers  and  their  families. 

A  portion  of  this  amount  will  be  used  for  the  aid  of  such 
sick  and  wounded  soldiers  in  the  French  Army  as  may  be  con- 

100 


ridered  in  special  need  by  the  French  commanding  generals. 
The  relief  to  the  families  of  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  is  to  be 
handled  through  the  agency  of  the  Conseils  Generaux,  non- 
poUtical  bodies  composed  of  representative  citizens,  meeting 
in  each  Department  of  France  with  the  purpose  of  considering 
the  physical  needs  of  their  various  districts.  This  form  of  dis- 
tribution has  been  recommended  by  the  French  Ministry  for 
Foreign  Affairs  as  the  best  possible  means  of  effectively  aiding 
the  largest  possible  number  of  needy  families. 

In  regard  to  a  portion  of  this  gift,  General  Petain  wrote  the 
following  letter  of  acknowledgment  to  Major  Murphy: 

General  Army  Headquarters 

OF  THE  North  and  North-East 

General-Commander-in-Chief 

To  Major  Murphy,  High  Commissioner  of 
the  American  Red  Cross  in  Europe: 
I  am  in  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  12th  inst.  in  which  you  make 
note  of  the  desires  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  regard  to  the  distribu- 
,      tion  of  a  sum  placed  at  my  disposal  under  date  of  Sept.  8,  through  the 
medium  of  General  Pershing, 

In  expressing  my  entire  acquiescence  with  the  contents  of  the  com- 
munication, I  wish  personally  to  express  my  acknowledgment,  and 
I  pray  that  you  will  be  good  enough  to  act  as  my  interpreter  to  the  War 
Council  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  Washington,  assuring  them  of 
my  sincere  gratitude  for  a  gift  so  magnificent,  which  will  contribute  to 
the  maintenance  and  the  exaltation  of  the  morale  of  our  fighters. 

(Signed)  Petain. 


New  Uniforms  for  American  Nurses 

On  account  of  the  limited  laundry  facilities  in  France,  it  has 
been  decided  that  Red  Cross  nurses  with  base  hospitals  and  other 
military  hospitals  in  France  shall  wear  gray  uniforms  instead  of 
the  usual  white.  The  War  Council  has  appropriated  sufficient 
funds  to  supply  the  American  nurses  now  in  service  abroad  with 
the  new  uniforms. 


101 


CIVILIAN  RELIEF 


Work  for  Refugees 

A  peculiar  call  for  relief  in  France  is  9n  behalf  of  French 
refugees.  The  people  come  from  the  regions  devastated  by  the 
German  army,  having  fled  on  the  original  approach  of  the  in- 
vader, or  having  been  sent  back  into  Germany  and  forced  out 
over  the  Swiss  and  French  frontiers.  The  position  of  refugees 
is  becoming  more  difficult  as  the  cost  of  food  rises.  Their  hous- 
ing conditions  are  also  bad  in  many  instances,  especially  in  the 
cities.  The  relief  agencies  report  that  in  the  cities  an  entire 
family  often  resides  in  a  single  room.  When  persons  live  under 
these  conditions  of  bad  housing  and  malnutrition,  disease  is  sure 
to  take  hold  and  increase.  The  Red  Cross  is  assisting  in  the 
work  of  finding  suitable  quarters  for  refugees  in  Paris. 

Dr.  Edward  T.  Devine,  of  New  York,  has  been  appointed 
chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Refugees  and  Home  Relief,  under  the 
American  Red  Cross  Commission  to  France.  Dr.  Devine  is 
to  be  in  charge  of  all  relief  work  outside  the  city  of  Paris. 
He  is  one  of  the  leading  authorities  on  the  subject  of  social  wel- 
fare and  relief  work,  professor  of  social  economics  in  Columbia 
University  and  director  of  the  New  York  School  of  Philanthropy, 
and  was  formerly  editor  of  The  Survey.  At  the  time  of  the  San 
Francisco  earthquake  and  fire.  Dr.  Devine  was  special  repre- 
sentative of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  San  Francisco  in  charge 
of  relief,  and  he  served  in  a  similar  capacity  in  connection  with 
the  relief  of  victims  of  the  Dayton  flood  in  1913.  In  committing 
the  vast  work  of  refugee  and  home  relief  in  France  to  Dr.  De- 
vine,  therefore,  the  Red  Cross  is  placing  it  in  experienced  hands. 

The  situation  which  confronts  the  Bureau  of  Refugees  and 
Home  Relief  is  outlined  thus  by  Major  Murphy: 

In  the  various  departments  outside  the  Seine  there  are  about  850,000 
refugees  embracing  all  classes  and  ages  except  able-bodied  men.  Al- 
though employment  at  good  wages  is  general,  these  refugees  are  never- 
theless in  an  unfortunate  condition  because  of  the  complete  loss  of  their 
possessions  when  driven  out  of  the  invaded  territory.  They  have 
since  been  living  in  excessively  congested  quarters  and,  necessarily, 
under  very  unsanitary  conditions. 

The  Red  Cross  hopes  to  aid  the  authorities  to  lessen  this  congestion 
by  supplying  furniture  to  those  who  in  this  way  could  move  into  better 
quarters,  by  completing  buildings  already  partly  constructed,  and 

102 


even  by  furnishing  portable  houses  of  cheap  construction,  when  neces- 
sary, as  a  temporary  makeshift. 

It  is  proposed  to  establish,  in  connection  with  the  French  authorities, 
health  centers  from  which  useful  work  can  be  done  in  such  a  way  as 
fully  to  conserve  the  self-respect  and  independence  of  those  who  accept 
it.  There  are  many  voluntary  agencies,  as  well  as  pubUc  reUef  authori- 
ties, through  whom  the  Red  Cross  can  give  assistance. 

Dr.  Devine's  immediate  task  will  be  to  co-ordinate  those  agencies 
and  arrange  for  constructive  relief  for  those  victims  of  the  war  who 
cannot  yet  be  returned  to  their  own  homes.  Later  it  is  hoped  that 
there  will  be  abundant  opportunity  for  them  to  be  re-established  in  the 
busy  and  fruitful  regions  in  which  they  lived  before  the  war. 


Foodstuffs  for  the  Sick  and  Needy 

In  response  to  a  cable  from  the  Commission  in  France,  the 
War  Council  appropriated  $1,500,000  from  the  War  Fund  to  pur- 
chase foodstuffs  to  be  sent  to  France.    The  cable  was  as  follows : 

We  hope  you  will  use  all  transportation  you  can  possibly  secure  to 
ship  to  us  the  following  supplies.  We  must  begin  to  prepare  for  the 
coming  hard  winter,  and  you  cannot  possibly  send  us  more  than  we  need 
of  the  following  list,  except  where  definite  amounts  are  specified: 

Twenty  4-ton  motor  trucks;  50,000  yards  of  flannel;  condensed  milk; 
flour;  dried  preserved  vegetables;  corned  beef;  rice;  beans;  canned  beef; 

►         preserved  fruits;  sugar;  heavy  shoes;  blankets;  knitting  wool;  heavy 
white  cotton  sheeting. 

The  foodstuffs  purchased  will  be  used  particularly  for  the 
relief  of  sick,  wounded  and  starving  people.  They  will  be  care- 
fully stored  in  France  so  as  to  be  ready  for  any  emergency  which 
may  confront  either  our  own  soldiers  and  sailors  in  France  or  the 
French  population  itself. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Herbert  Hoover  and  Mr.  W.  L. 
Honnold,  of  the  Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium,  these  food- 
stuffs were  bought  through  the  very  efficient  purchasing  organiza- 
tion of  that  commission.  The  Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium 
very  kindly  offered  to  do  this  work  for  the  Red  Cross  at  a  merely 
nominal  charge  for  overhead  expenses. 

Further  appropriations  have  since  been  made  for  foodstuffs 
upon  Major  Murphy's  request. 


Distributing  Relief  Along  the  Front 

Along  that  desolate  path  of  ruin,  the  French  and  British  lines 
from  Belgium  to  Switzerland,  the  American  Red  Cross  work  of 

103 


relief  and  economic  rehabilitation  under  Edward  Eyre  Hunt, 
chief  of  the  Bureau,  has  rapidly  taken  shape.  Returning  refu- 
gees and  repatriates  have  earth  under  them  and  sky  over  them 
— that  is  all.  The  land  has  been  swept  clean,  the  Red  Cross 
Commission  reports,  continuing: 

Frenchmen  of  the  twentieth  century  have  to  begin  again  where 
North  American  Indians  would  begin — by  hunting  for  food,  temporary 
shelter,  a  few  clothes  to  cover  them,  a  handful  of  household  goods  and 
utensils  such  as  pots,  pans,  knives  and  spoons,  an  agricultural  imple- 
ment or  two  and  perhaps  a  rabbit  and  some  chickens,  and,  if  they  are 
very  lucky,  a  goat  or  a  donkey. 

It  is  to  help  such  people  as  these  that  the  American  Red  Cross  has 
located  its  relief  warehouses  just  behind  the  lines  at  strategic  points, 
and  is  s^hippingfood,  clothes,  blankets,  beds,  mattresses,  stoves,  kitchen 
utensils,  reapers  and  binders,  mowing-machines,  threshing  machines, 
garden  tools  and  hundreds  of  other  articles  of  prime  importance  to 
people  who  were  prosperous  and  contented  only  three  years  ago. 

The  service  of  relief  and  economic  rehabilitation  has  divided  its 
jfield  into  six  districts:  (1)  for  the  extreme  north  and  Pas  de  Calais; 
(2)  for  the  Somme;  (3)  for  the  Oise;  (4)  for  the  Aisne;  (5)  for  the  Marne 
and  the  Meuse;  (6)  for  the  Meurthe  and  the  Moselle. 

Resident  American  delegates  have  been  assigned  to  each  of  these. 
Their  duties  are  to  oversee  the  distribution  of  relief,  to  report  new 
needs,  and  to  co-operate  in  every  possible  way  with  the  admirable  relief 
work  of  the  French  Government  and  scores  of  devoted  French  and  other 
organizations. 


Restoring  French  Villages 

It  is  not  the  policy  of  the  Red  Cross  to  rebuild  the  villages  of 
France,  but  it  is  our  hope  to  be  able  to  give  a  new  start  in  life  to 
a  large  number  of  persons  who  have  been  left  destitute  by  the 
ravages  of  the  German  army.  These  populations,  suffering  from 
many  forms  of  discouragement,  the  chief  of  which  is  separation 
from  their  homes  and  families,  are  largely  idle.  Many  of  them 
are  too  old  to  adapt  themselves  to  new  conditions  and  can  be 
serviceable  only  in  the  districts  from  which  they  came. 

From  the  purely  economic  consideration  of  making  it  possible 
for  this  excess  of  people  to  recommence  their  usual  labor  and  to 
regain  the  self  esteem  that  results  from  self  support  the  necessity 
of  providing  some  form  of  habitation  in  which  to  work  cannot  be 
exaggerated. 

The  Red  Cross  has  accordingly  appropriated  $403,090  for 
a  provisional  experiment  in  this  direction,  the  plans  for  the  ex- 
periment having  been  worked  out  in  France  by  Mr.  Homer  Folks, 
one  of  the  most  competent  of  living  authorities  on  the  relief  of 
dependents. 

104 


The  plan  undertaken  is  to  reconstitute  60  families  in  each  of 
four  villages.  Each  family  is  to  consist  of  five  persons,  including 
in  some  cases  persons  not  actually  members  of  the  family. 
There  will  be  a  total  of  300  persons  per  village  and  of  1,200  persons 
for  the  entire  enterprise. 

The  Red  Cross  hopes  and  expects  to  do  no  more  than  to  help 
these  stricken  people  help  themselves.  But  it  does  expect  that 
its  effort  in  that  direction  will  be  a  source  of  aid  and  encourage- 
ment to  a  great  many  beyond  those  immediately  affected . 

In  reference  to  these  efforts  at  rehabilitation,  the  Red  Cross 
Commission  to  France  has  reported  as  follows: 

Our  feeling  is  here  that  we  should  aim  to  give  the  dweller  in  the 
devastated  regions  a  shelter  which  will  keep  out  wind  and  weather  for 
two  or  three  years,  during  which  period  he  will  have  time  to  get  on  his 
feet  and  do  his  own  permanent  reconstruction  work.  However,  owing 
to  the  location  of  materials  and  the  transportation  situation,  we  may 
often  find  that  we  can  at  less  cost  do  concrete  construction  work  or 
brick  work  than  wood  work,  and  under  these  circumstances  we  should 
do  that  kind  of  construction  which  is  cheapest. 

We  plan,  for  instance,  to  establish,  at  various  points  in  the  devas- 
tated regions,  brick  yards.  Through  these  yards  we  can  supply  bricks 
for  construction  purposes  at  a  much  cheaper  cost  and  much  more 
rapidly  than  we  could  ,jpi|^sh  lumber  for  contractors'  shacks.  In 
every  case  our  governing  principle  will  be  to  spend  the  least  possible 
money  in  the  least  possible  time  in  providing  a  dwelling  for  a  given 
individual  family. 

I  may  add  that  I  am  very  hopeful  that  we  can  put  a  great  many 
people  under  shelter  simply  by  repairing  those  houses  which  have  merely 
shell  holes  in  the  roofs  and  in  the  walls.  In  many  cases  the  beams 
which  unite  the  top  walls  have  been  cut  away  by  the  Germans,  so  that 
the  tendency  of  the  roofs  is  to  thrust  the  walls  apart,  but  I  believe  we 
can  tie  the  walls  together  with  steel  or  wire  from  the  wire  entanglements 
and  military  works  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  devastated  villages. 


Housing  Follows  the  Plow 

■  ■   ■ 

^*  In  view  of  the  overshadowing  importance  of  augmenting  in 
every  possible  way  the  food  supply,  the  Red  Cross  will  carry  on 
its  first  work  of  reconstruction  in  those  portions  of  the  devastated 
areas  which  are  selected  by  the  government  as  the  best  wheat- 
growing  regions,  and  to  which  the  French  government  sends  its 
batteries  of  tractors  for  plowing.  The  Bureau  of  Reconstruction 
describes  its  program  thus: 

Representatives  of  three  divisions  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in 
France — Planning,  Engineefing,  and  Civil  Affairs — returned  recently 
from  a  study  of  conditions  in  the  devastated  areas,  having  selected 
three  villages  in  which  provisional  reconstruction  work  will  be  begun 
within  a  fortnight. 

105 


co-operating  with  the  Government  and  a  local  committee  in  the  care 
of  these  people. 

On  September  6th  Dr.  William  P.  Lucas,  Chief  of  the  Children's 
Bureau  of  the  Commission,  started  the  American  Red  Cross  medical 
work  for  the  children  of  the  repatries  pouring  into  Evian  daily.  These 
children  are  in  very  poor  condition,  many  suffering  from  tuberculosis, 
skin  and  infectious  diseases. 

The  American  Red  Cross  is  opening  a  dispensary  in  connection  with 
the  receiving  bureau  at  Evian,  and  an  acute  hospital  of  30  beds  for  the 
sickest  children.  A  convalescent  hospital  near  Evian  is  being  taken 
over  by  the  Red  Cross  and  plans  are  being  made  for  a  larger  con- 
valescent hospital  at  another  town  nearby.  One  American  nurse  has 
been  in  charge  of  120  beds  for  sick  children  for  eight  months  and  the 
results  with  the  meager  equipment  have  been  marvelous. 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  sent  seven  ambulances  to  Evian  for 
transportation  of  sick  children  to  the  hospital.  This  was  an  acute 
need,  and  sick  and  exhausted  women  and  children  can  now  be  handled 
by  automobiles  instead  of  trains. 


Relief  of  Invalided  Soldiers 

The  sick  and  disabled  men  discharged  from  the  army  on 
account  of  wounds  or  physical  disabilities  are  divided  into  two 
classes: 

1.  (Mutiles.)  Those  discharged  on  account  of  wounds  (this  class 
receives  a  pension); 

2.  (Reform es.)  Those  discharged  on  account  of  physical  disa- 
bilities (this  class  receives  no  pension).  The  number  of  class  2  was 
stated,  in  April,  1917,  to  be  300,000. 

Probably  the  majority  of  class  2  are  tubercular.  Dr.  Biggs 
estimates  the  number  of  tubercular  "reformes"  at  150,000. 

Many  of  the  ''reformes''  who  are  not  tubercular  are  so  broken 
in  health  that  their  earning  power  is  slight.  When  they  are  dis- 
charged from  the  Army,  separation  allowance  to  their  wives  and 
children  ceases.  The  family  needs  assistance  until  the  man  re- 
covers and  finds  employment,  or,  if  unemployable,  they  may  re- 
quire relief  indefinitely.  The  uniforms  of  many  of  these  dis- 
charged men  are  taken  from  them  soon  after  their  discharge ,  and 
they  have  no  money  with  which  to  buy  clothes. 

The  work  which  the  Red  Cross  has  undertaken  will  comprise 
giving  temporary  relief  to  the  men  immediately  after  their  dis- 
charge from  the  Army,  and  more  permanent  relief  to  the  tuber- 
cular and  unemployable.  For  the  tubercular,  special  provision 
must  be  made,  and  in  some  cases,  hospital  care  must  be  secured. 

The  Mutilated  and  Blind 

The  re-education  of  mutilated  soldiers  is  being  carried  on 
partly  by  the  Government  and  partly  by  private  organizations 

108 


supported  by  voluntary  contributions.     There  are  between  50 

IHpd  60  schools  for  this  work  but  many  of  them  are  small.     There 

^Se  a  few,  large  and  important,  which  are  believed  to  be  doing 

excellent  work  and  which  could  extend  their  work  and  improve 

it  if  a  reasonable  amount  of  additional  money  were  provided. 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  provided  more  than  600  muti- 
lated French  soldiers  with  artificial  legs  of  the  best  type  that 
American  ingenuity  can  produce,  and  has  established  a  factory 
near  Paris  where  American  artificial  limbs  are  manufactured. 
This  work  is  done  in  co-operation  with  the  French  Government. 
By  arranging  for  consultation  between  the  surgeon  and  the  manu- 
facturer the  Red  Cross  has  been  able  to  secure  the  best  possible 
treatment  for  each  case . 

The  Red  Cross  has  also  undertaken  to  aid  in  establishing 
homes  for  a  small  number  of  blind  soldiers,  who  have  been  re- 
educated and  are  to  earn  their  living  henceforth. 


France  Losing   Population 

Before  the  war  the  birthrate  and  deathrate  in  France  were 
so  nearly  equal  that  publicists  voiced  their  concern  over  the 
future  of  the  national  life.  Last  year,  however,  with  the  death- 
rate  probably  over  20  per  1000,  not  counting  deaths  of  men  in 
military  service,  the  birthrate  was  officially  estimated  at  only 
8  per  1000.  In  New  York  State  the  birthrate  is  23  or  24  per 
1000,  the  deathrate  about  14  per  1000. 

The  total  deaths  in  France  in  1916  were  about  1,100,000. 
Births  numbered  only  312,000.  The  net  loss  in  population 
was  788,000,  or  nearly  two  per  cent,  of  the  whole.  In  Paris, 
where  48,917  babies  were  born  in  the  year  ending  August  1, 
1914,  only  26,179  were  born  in  the  second  year  of  the  war,  end- 
ing August  1, 1916. 

There  is  urgent  need  for  effective  work  among  children, 
Major  Murphy  cabled.  He  reported  that  there  was  also  special 
need  for  doctors  and  nurse^'s  for  work  with  mothers  and  children. 
The  Red  Cross  accordingly  organized  and  sent  to  France  an 
infant  welfare  unit,  which  has  been  reinforced,  in  response  to 
urgent  requests  from  Major  Murphy,  by  two  additional  groups 
of  doctors  and  nurses. 

These  specialists  are  surveying  the  situation  and  studying 
the  work  already  being  done  by  the  French .  They  are  practicing 
among  the  people  without  receiving  compensation  from  patients. 

109 


The  task  before  the  Red  Cross  is  not  only  to  co-operate  with 
French  speciaHsts  but  also  to  conduct  a  general  educational 
campaign  among  French  mothers  in  the  interest  of  better  pre- 
natal hygiene  and  scientific  feeding  and  care  of  the  babies. 
Special  efforts  will  be  made  to  protect  children  from  tubercular 
infection. 


Special  Relief  for  Children 

As  an  example  of  the  activities  of  the  American  Red  Cross 
in  behalf  of  the  children  of  France,  the  War  Council  has  received 
the  following  report  from  the  Commission  in  France: 

We  have  established  a  temporary  children's  shelter  at  a  city  in 
section  of  the  war  zone  recently  bombarded  by  the  enemy. 

Gas  bombs  were  being  used  by  the  Germans  and  the  inhabitants  of 
the  nearby  villages  were  obliged  to  wear  face  masks  to  escape  asphyxia- 
tion. This  mode  of  protection,  however,  is  not  feasible  for  children, 
and  it  was  found  necessary  to  send  the  children  away  at  once. 

The  Prefect  of  the  Department  telegraphed  to  a  worker  in  Paris  that 
750  children  had  been  suddenly  thrust  upon  his  hands  and  that  he 
needed  immediate  assistance. 

The  next  day  eight  workers  left  the  Red  Cross  headquarters,  a  doctor, 
an  experienced  nurse,  two  auxiliary  nurses,  a  bacteriologist,  an  ad- 
ministrative director  and  two  women  to  take  charge  of  the  bedding, 
clothing,  food,  etc. 

They  found  that  21  of  the  children  were  infants  under  one  year  and 
the  remainder  were  under  eight  years.  They  were  herded  together  in 
an  old  barracks,  dirty,  practically  unfurnished  and  with  no  sanitary 
appliances.  Sick  children  were  crowded  in  with  the  well,  and  skin 
disease  and  vermin  abounded. 

Within  two  days  the  children  had  been  thoroughly  cleaned  and 
transferred  to  a  new  and  clean  barracks .  Medical  care  had  been  given 
and  nurses  secured  for  the  babies,  suitable  food  provided  and  a  classifica- 
tion of  all  the  refugees  made  to  prevent  the  separation  of  members  of 
the  same  family.  The  organization  of  an  institution  for  the  care  of 
these  children  has  been  worked  out. 

The  French  Government  has  provided  a  new  brick  barracks  of  ten 
buildings,  situated  on  a  hillside  a  mile  from  the  city,  and  will  furnish 
coal,  water,  light,  rough  labor,  beds  and  bedding,  rations  and  trans- 
portation of  supplies. 

The  Red  Cross  is  to  direct  the  work  of  supplying  doctors,  nurses  and 
administrative  officers,  and  of  installing  sanitary  apparatus.  Twelve 
shower  baths  have  already  been  set  up.  Supplies  are  being  provided 
for  recreation,  education  and  the  vocational  training  of  children. 

It  is  expected  that  four  or  five  hundred  more  children  will  come  in 
the  near  future,  and  the  Red  Cross  is  planning  to  increase  its  staff  to 
care  for  this  number.  The  children  will  be  kept  here  as  long  as  con- 
ditions remain  such  that  they  cannot  return  to  their  homes. 

Several  hundred  children  have  been  removed  to  this  asylum 
from  their  refuges  in  caves  and  nearby  villages.     The  work  of 

110 


the  infirmary  established  by  the  American  Red  Cross  has  been 
greatly  augmented  by  the  gift  of  a  Children's  Hospital  from  an 
American  Committee.  This  hospital  will  become  the  center 
of  the  American  Red  Cross  welfare  work  for  the  entire  Depart- 
ment, a  work  heartily  endorsed  by  the  Prefect  of  the  Depart- 
ment. 

The  need  of  such  work  is  overwhelming,  and  the  American 
Red  Cross  is  directing  from  this  center  an  educational  cam- 
paign on  Child  Hygiene  and  Preventive  Measures  that  is  reach- 
ing all  the  villages  and  big  refuge  asylums  for  children  in  neigh- 
boring towns. 


Another  Children's  Relief  Center 

A  second  center  of  the  work  of  the  Children's  Bureau  has 
been  established  in  response  to  an  urgent  appeal  from  Monsieur 
and  Madame  Amedee  Vernes  of  the  French  Red  Cross.  An 
expert,  sent  to  investigate  the  conditions,  found  villages  looted 
and  burned,  with  all  buildings  destroyed,  and  more  than  1,000 
children  practically  with  no  medical  care,  all  miserably  dirty, 
half  of  them  infected  with  skin  or  eye  lesions,  and  many  actually 
ill. 

The  equipment  for  any  medical  care  was  extremely  meager; 
one  old  hospital  stripped  of  all  its  apparatus;  one  aged  civilian 
doctor  left  without  drugs  or  means  of  getting  them,  with  villages 
to  look  after  besides  his  army  duties,  and  one  fairly  intelligent 
midwife. 

The  town  immediately  offered  a  tuberculosis  pavilion,  now 
unused,  for  the  Red  Cross  headquarters,  if  the  American  Red 
Cross  would  help.  The  doctor's  recommendations  upon  his 
return  were  immediately  accepted. 

The  Children's  Bureau  began  work  by  instalUng  a  central 
depot  there,  with  ten  beds,  as  a  clearing  house  for  the  district, 
and  by  equipping  an  automobile  as  a  travelling  dispensary,  with 
shower  baths.  The  cars  visit  the  villages  on  a  daily  round  with 
one  good  trained  nurse  and  two  aides. 


A  Travelling  Shower  Bath 

The  work  of  this  car  in  carrying  medical  aid  and  soap  into 
regions  where  it  is  impossible  to  establish  permanent  dispensaries, 

111 


and  where  some  of  the  children  have  gone  unwashed  since  last 
winter,  is  described  in  the  following  message: 

On  ne  side  of  the  camionette  is  a  seat  large  enough  to  accommodate 
a  nurse  and  sick  child.  Over  their  heads  is  a  rack  for  medicines  and 
instrument  bags,  and  opposite  is  a  rack  for  gauze  and  bandages.  On 
the  floor  is  the  shower  bath  apparatus,  of  jointed  wood  and  rubber  and 
shiny  poHshed  nickel  to  catch  the  children's  eyes. 

Warm  water  is  poured  into  a  wooden  tub.  The  child  sits  in  the  tub 
and  while  the  doctor  pumps  water  through  the  shower  the  nurse  scrubs. 
As  the  child  whitens,  the  water  blackens.  At  the  finish  the  rubber 
shower  tube  is  suddenly  shifted  into  a  bucket  of  fresh  cold  water  and 
the  bath  ends  with  an  unexpected  douche. 


Prevention  of  Tuberculosis 

Nothing  is  so  vital  in  France  as  to  free  the  country  so  far 
as  possible  from  tuberculosis.  It  is  estimated  that  some  500,000 
persons  are  afflicted  with  the  disease  as  the  direct  result  of  the 
war.  Scientific  efforts  to  control  the  spread  of  the  malady  are 
not  only  of  supreme  concern  to  France  herself,  but  they  are  of 
great  importance  in  making  France  healthful  for  our  own  troops. 

The  Red  Cross  is  accordingly  co-operating  with  the  Rocke- 
feller Foundation  in  financing  a  commission  for  the  prevention 
of  tuberculosis,  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  paying  administra- 
tive expenses. 

The  commission  sent  to  France  is  headed  by  Dr.  Livingston 
Farrand,  President  of  the  University  of  Colorado,  and  formerly 
President  of  the  National  Association  for  the  Study  and  Pre- 
vention, of  Tuberculosis.  The  sending  of  the  commission  was 
preceded  by  a  very  careful  survey  of  the  situation  by  Dr.  Her- 
man M.  Biggs,  of  New  York  City,  formerly  Health  Commissioner 
of  New  York  State. 

The  work  is  beginning  on  a  modest  scale,  the  service  to  be 
extended  as  opportunity  may  offer  and  results  justify.  All 
work  is  "being  done  under  the  general  administration  of  the 
French  Government,  and  by  French  people. 

The  administration  of  the  work  is  centered  in  Paris,  in  co- 
operation with  the  Central  Committee  for  the  Aid  of  Tubercular 
Soldiers.  The  central  administration  will  conduct  an  intensive 
educational  work  by  means  of  four  mobile  educational  units. 
These  educational  units  are  establishing  local  anti-tuberculosis 
dispensaries. 

Four  training  centers  for  educating  workers  to  man  these 

112 


dispensaries  are  being  established  and  maintained;  one  in  Paris, 
one  in  Bordeaux,  one  in  Lyons  and  one  in  Marseilles.  It  is 
expected  that  ultimately  France  will  have  between  300  and  400 
anti-tubercular  dispensaries,  and  upon  them  will  fall  the  burden 
of  controlUng  tuberculosis  in  France.  They  will  be  maintained 
largely  by  local  funds. 

In  connection  with  each  of  the  dispensaries  provided  three 
factors  will  be  needed,  which  it  is  proposed  the  Red  Cross  shall 
provide,  except  in  so  far  as  they  may  be  provided  by  French 
public  authorities,  organizations  or  citizens,  viz.: 

(a)  Special  home  relief  for  destitute  families  in  which  there  is  a  case 
of  tuberculosis,  this  relief  being  of  such  nature  and  amount  as  the 
sanitary  conditions  require. 

(b)  A  hospital  to  which  moderate  and  advanced  cases,  whose  home 
conditions  are  such  that  they  cannot  remain  at  home  without  being  a 
menace  to  their  families,  may  be  sent.  It  is  not  expected  that  these 
patients  will  recover,  though  they  may  improve,  and  the  primary  object 
of  the  hospital  is  not  the  cure,  but  the  safeguarding  of  the  health  of 
other  members  of  the  family  by  removing  the  tuberculosis  patients. 

(c)  Special  provision  for  the  care  of  children  who  have  already 
been  intimately  exposed  to  a  serious  case  of  tuberculosis.  This  pro- 
vision may  either  be  institutional,  with  a  special  "regime"  and  special 
feeding  in  the  nature  of  preventorium;  or  it  may  be  the  establishment 
of  a  special  "regime"  with  medical  and  nursing  supervision  and  special 
food  in  the  homes  of  the  children. 


A  Tuberculosis  Sanatorium 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in 
France,  on  the  invitation  of  the  Sanitary  Service  of  the  French 
Army,  is  completing  the  unfinished  building  of  the  tuberculosis 
sanatorium  at  Bhgny,  some  twenty  miles  from  Paris.  This 
admirable  institution,  which  is  in  many  respects  a  model,  was 
occupying  about  one-half  of  its  proposed  plant  when  the  war 
broke  out.  A  large  building,  intended  to  accommodate  two 
hundred  patients,  was  about  eighty  per  cent,  completed.  The 
walls,  floors  and  roof  were  completed,  doors  and  windows  in 
place,  but  heating,  Hghting  and  plumbing  were  lacking.  All 
work  was  discontinued  on  the  opening  day  of  the  war,  and  every- 
thing has  remained  to  the  present  day  just  as  it  was  left.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  building  can  be  made  ready  for  use  before 
winter.  It  will  be  used  by  the  military  authorities  during  the 
war,  and  will  then  revert  to  the  Sanatorium  Association. 


113 


Work  with  the  Tubercular  in  Paris 

Systematic  visitation  of  Municipal  Tuberculosis  Hospitals 
in  Paris  has  been  begun  by  the  American  Red^Cross.  A  cable- 
gram from  Major  Murphy  says: 

During  the  past  year  the  city  of  Paris  has  established  temporary 
tuberculosis  pavilions  on  the  grounds  of  six  general  hospitals.  The 
total  capacity  of  these  pavilions  is  464  beds,  but,  notwithstanding  the 
enormous  number  of  tubercular  patients  in  Paris  among  the  refugees 
and  persons  invalided  from  the  Army,  the  pavilions  are  not  more  than 
half  full.  Many  factors  contribute  to  this  result.  The  large  amount 
of  work  thrust  upon  the  civil  authorities  by  the  war  conditions  has  not 
permitted  much  to  make  the  pavilions  attractive. 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  secured  permission  to  visit  these  hos- 
pitals and  to  befriend  the  tubercular  patients.  On  the  first  visit  in- 
quiries were  made  of  the  patients  as  to  what  they  most  needed.  On 
the  second  occasion  the  visitors  did  not  go  empty  handed;  they  took 
with  them  games,  stationery,  postage,  jelly,  colored  crayons,  sketch 
books,  etc. 

The  Red  Cross  hopes  that  not  only  will  the  lives  of  these  patients 
be  made  much  more  comfortable,  and  their  families  relieved  of  anxiety, 
but  that  making  the  surroundings  more  cheerful,  providing  additional 
food,  games,  better  equipment,  reclining  chairs  and  some  form  of 
recreation  and  entertainment,  will  result  in  the  patients  staying  for 
longer  periods. 

The  use  of  the  pavilions  to  their  capacity  would  obviate  the  necessity 
of  erecting  additional  tuberculosis  hospitals  with  300  beds,  which  would 
involve  great  expense  and  long  delay. 


Les  Tuberculeux  de  la  Guerre 

Four  chateaux  equipped  for  use  as  sanatoriums,  several  auto- 
mobiles, a  large  supply  of  blankets,  food  and  other  supplies, 
office  equipment  and  the  funds  of  the  Society  were  turned  over 
to  the  Red  Cross  by  the  founders  and  directors  of  Les  Tuber- 
culeux de  la  Guerre. 

The  funds  thus  received,  together  with  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  some  of  the  property,  have  been  set  aside  in  a  special 
Red  Cross  fund  for  the  care  of  tubercular  patients  and  the  pre- 
vention of  the  disease.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cash  and  prop- 
erty turned  over  to  the  Red  Cross  will  be  sufficient  to  care  for 
all  existing  liabilities  and  maintain  the  work  for  some  time  to 
come.  In  recognition  of  the  extraordinary  services  of  Mrs. 
Edith  Wharton  in  this  work,  a  new  hospital  at  Yerres  will  be 
named  the  'T^dith  Wharton  Sanatorium." 


114 


DETAIL  OF  APPROPRIATIONS 

For  Work  in  France 

The  work  described  above,  as  well  as  all  other  activities  of 
the  Red  Cross  in  France,  are  covered  in  the  complete  list  set 
forth  below  of  appropriations  made  by  the  War  Council  for  work 
in  that  country.  The  total  amount  of  such  appropriations  from 
the  War  Fund  up  to  November  1,  1917,  was  $20,601,240.47. 

The  detail  of  the  appropriations  follows: 


Appropriations  for  Military  Work  in  France. 

Budget  to  cover  period  until  Nov.  1,  1917;  prepared  by  J.  H. 
Perkins,  Director  of  Department  of  Military  Affairs,  Red  Cross 
Commission  in  France: 

Work  in  connection  with  the  United  States  Army,  such  as 
equipment  and  operation  of  rest  stations  and  infirm- 
aries, enlisted  men's  clubs,  a  portable  hospital  and  base 
hospitals $345,575.00 

Divided  as  follows: 

Rest  stations  and  infirmaries $134,940 

Enlisted  men's  clubs 4,325 

Base  hospitals 73,525 

Portable  hospital 7,785 

Supplementary  appropriation 125,000 

American  Red  Cross  hospital  supply  service 1,019,000.00 

Equipment  and  operation  of  diet  kitchens  in  French  hos- 
pitals   2,162..50 

American  Red  Cross  surgical  dressings  service 38,925.00 

(This  provides  for  that  branch  of  Red  Cross  work  for- 
merly conducted  by  the  Surgical  Dressings  Committee 
and  now  allied  to  the  Red  Cross  organization.) 

Cant^^ens  at  the  front 50,689.00 

(This  work  includes  co-operation  with  French  Red 
Cross  in  operating  canteens  for  French  soldiers  at  the 
front.) 

Canteens  at  other  important  points 519,000.00 

(This  provides  an  amount  estimated  as  sufficient  to 
equip  and  to  operate,  for  three  months,  eleven  canteens 
for  the  French  Army  at  various  points  behind  the  lines.) 

Work  with  permissionnaires  at  stations 34,600.00 

(This  provides  for  all  expenses  connected  with  canteen 
and  other  relief  work  for  French  soldiers  at  railway  sta- 
tions in  and  about  Paris.) 

Hospitals  other  than  above  mentioned 216,250.00 

(This  provides  the  expenses  of  equipping,  maintaining 
or  contributing  to  several  hospitals,  such  as  the  Amer- 

115 


Work  with  the  Tubercular  in  Paris 

Systematic  visitation  of  Municipal  Tuberculosis  Hospitals 
in  Paris  has  been  begun  by  the  American  Red^Cross.  A  cable- 
gram from  Major  Murphy  says: 

During  the  past  year  the  city  of  Paris  has  established  temporary 
tuberculosis  pavilions  on  the  grounds  of  six  general  hospitals.  The 
total  capacity  of  these  pavilions  is  464  beds,  but,  notwithstanding  the 
enormous  number  of  tubercular  patients  in  Paris  among  the  refugees 
and  persons  invalided  from  the  Army,  the  pavilions  are  not  more  than 
half  full.  Many  factors  contribute  to  this  result.  The  large  amount 
of  work  thrust  upon  the  civil  authorities  by  the  war  conditions  has  not 
permitted  much  to  make  the  pavilions  attractive. 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  secured  permission  to  visit  these  hos- 
pitals and  to  befriend  the  tubercular  patients.  On  the  first  visit  in- 
quiries were  made  of  the  patients  as  to  what  they  most  needed.  On 
the  second  occasion  the  visitors  did  not  go  empty  handed;  they  took 
with  them  games,  stationery,  postage,  jelly,  colored  crayons,  sketch 
books,  etc. 

The  Red  Cross  hopes  that  not  only  will  the  lives  of  these  patients 
be  made  much  more  comfortable,  and  their  families  relieved  of  anxiety, 
but  that  making  the  surroundings  more  cheerful,  providing  additional 
food,  games,  better  equipment,  reclining  chairs  and  some  form  of 
recreation  and  entertainment,  will  result  in  the  patients  staying  for 
longer  periods. 

The  use  of  the  pavilions  to  their  capacity  would  obviate  the  necessity 
of  erecting  additional  tuberculosis  hospitals  with  300  beds,  which  would 
involve  great  expense  and  long  delay. 


Les  Tuberculeux  de  la  Guerre 

Four  chateaux  equipped  for  use  as  sanatoriums,  several  auto- 
mobiles, a  large  supply  of  blankets,  food  and  other  supplies, 
office  equipment  and  the  funds  of  the  Society  were  turned  over 
to  the  Red  Cross  by  the  founders  and  directors  of  Les  Tuber- 
culeux de  la  Guerre. 

The  funds  thus  received,  together  with  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  some  of  the  property,  have  been  set  aside  in  a  special 
Red  Cross  fund  for  the  care  of  tubercular  patients  and  the  pre- 
vention of  the  disease.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cash  and  prop- 
erty turned  over  to  the  Red  Cross  will  be  sufficient  to  care  for 
all  existing  liabiUties  and  maintain  the  work  for  some  time  to 
come.  In  recognition  of  the  extraordinary  services  of  Mrs. 
Edith  Wharton  in  this  work,  a  new  hospital  at  Yerres  will  be 
named  the  *' Edith  Wharton  Sanatorium." 


114 


I 


DETAIL  OF  APPROPRIATIONS 

For  Work  in  France 


The  work  described  above,  as  well  as  all  other  activities  of 
the  Red  Cross  in  France,  are  covered  in  the  complete  list  set 
forth  below  of  appropriations  made  by  the  War  Council  for  work 
in  that  country.     The  total  amount  of  such  appropriations  from 

l^he  War  Fund  up  to  November  1,  1917,  was  $20,601,240.47. 

V^m'    The  detail  of  the  appropriations  follows: 

r 


Appropriations  for  Military  Work  in  France. 


Budget  to  cover  period  until  Nov.  1,  1917;  prepared  by  J.  H. 
Perkins,  Director  of  Department  of  Military  Affairs,  Red  Cross 
Commission  in  France: 

Work  in  connection  with  the  United  States  Army,  such  as 
equipment  and  operation  of  rest  stations  and  infirm- 
aries, enlisted  men's  clubs,  a  portable  hospital  and  base 
hospitals $345,575.00 

Divided  as  follows: 

Rest  stations  and  infirmaries $134,940 

Enlisted  men's  clubs 4,325 

Base  hospitals 73,525 

Portable  hospital 7,785 

Supplementary  appropriation 125,000 

American  Red  Cross  hospital  supply  service 1,019,000.00 

Equipment  and  operation  of  diet  kitchens  in  French  hos- 
pitals   2, 162. .50 

American  Red  Cross  surgical  dressings  service 38,925.00 

(This  provides  for  that  branch  of  Red  Cross  work  for- 
merly conducted  by  the  Surgical  Dressings  Committee 
and  now  allied  to  the  Red  Cross  organization.) 

Canteens  at  the  front 50,689.00 

(This  work  includes  co-operation  with  French  Red 
Cross  in  operating  canteens  for  French  soldiers  at  the 
front.) 

Canteens  at  other  important  points 519,000.00 

(This  provides  an  amount  estimated  as  sufficient  to 
equip  and  to  operate,  for  three  months,  eleven  canteens 
for  the  French  Army  at  various  points  behind  the  lines.) 

Work  with  permissionnaires  at  stations 34,600.00 

(This  provides  for  all  expenses  connected  with  canteen 
and  other  relief  work  for  French  soldiers  at  railway  sta- 
tions in  and  about  Paris.) 

Hospitals  other  than  above  mentioned 216,250.00 

(This  provides  the  expenses  of  equipping,  maintaining 
or  contributing  to  several  hospitals,  such  as  the  Amer- 

115 


ican  Red  Cross  Hospital,  now  under  the  charge  of  Dr. 
Blake;  Mrs.  Trenor  L.  Parks'  Hospital  at  Annel  near 
Compiegne;  Dr.  Ralph  R.  Fitch's  Hospital  at  Evereaux, 
and  a  new  Red  Cross  Medical  Hospital  to  be  established 
for  the  care  of  nurses  and  ambulance  workers  and  Red 
Cross  personnel  suffering  from  any  non-surgical  ill- 
nesses. This  item  also  includes  the  equipment  and  oper- 
ation of  a  laundry  to  be  operated  for  the  benefit  of  hos- 
pitals in  which  the  Red  Cross  is  interested.) 

American  Red  Cross  motor  ambulance  service $103,800.00 

(This  covers  equipment  and  operation  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  sanitary  sections,  sometimes  called  the  Nor- 
ton-Harjes  Ambulance  Service.) 

Administration  expenses  of  the  Department  at  head- 
quarters         37,973.50 

Prisoners,  casualty  and  information  service 43,250.00 


Total $2,411,225.00 

II 

Department  of  Civilian  Relief  in  France. 

The  budget  prepared  by  Homer  Folks,  Director  of  the  Red 
Cross  Department  of  Civil  Affairs  in  France,  up  to  Nov.  1,  1917, 
is  as  follows: 

Provisional  reconstruction  and  rehabilitation  of  four  vil- 
lages in  devastated  areas $403,090.00 

Care  and  prevention  of  tuberculosis 523  152.00 

Clothing,  bedding,  garden  implements,  live  stock  for  small 
farms,  cooking  utensils  for  practically  destitute  in 
devastated  areas;  this  estimate  based  on  unit  of  10 ,000 
children,  5,000  women  and  2,000  men 707,500.00 

Artificial  limbs  for  mutilated  soldiers,  reUef  of  the  blind, 

etc 12,629.00 

Assistance  of  orphans,  destitute  and  neglected  children, 
promotion  and  carrying  on  of  agencies  for  prevention  of 
infant  mortaUty 173,000.00 

Aid  of  refugees  throughout  France 259,500.00 

.  Assistance  of  repatriated  as  received  through  Switzerland 
or  elsewhere,  particularly  their  temporary  care,  classifi- 
cation, diagnosis  and  distribution 129,750.00 

Clothing,  employment,  transportation  and  home  relief 
for  reformes,   medical  examination,  supervision  and 

^  specialreUef  for  tuberculosis  reformes 129,750.00 

Supplementary  work  in  re-education  of  mutilated  at  59 

centers  throughout  France 51,900.00 

Work  of  American  organizations  for  civil  relief 51,900.00 

General  administration  of  the  Department . .         18,296.00 

Total $2,460,467.00 

116 


Ill 

Department  of  Administration  in  Paris. 

The  budget  prepared  by  Carl  Taylor,  Director  of  Adminis- 
tration, up  to  Nov.  1 ,  1917,  is  as  follows: 

Salaries  in  Directors'  offices $1,040 

Bureau  of  Accounts 15,080 

Bureau  of  Purchases 5,190 

Bureau  of  Stores  and  Warehouses 34,690 

General  expenses 54,185 

Insurance 2,475 

Secretary's  office 1 ,975 

Unclassified  personnel 1,065 

Total $115,700 


IV 

Planning  Department. 

The  budget  prepared  by  George  B.  Ford,  Director,  up  to 
Nov.  1,  1917,  is  as  follows: 

Salaries $2,440 

Supphes 775 

Travelling  expenses 675 

Total $3,890 


V 

Additional  Appropriations. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  appropriations  covering  depart- 
mental work  for  the  next  few  months,  the  following  appropria- 
tions have  also  been  made: 

Red  Cross  Transportation  Service: 

Capital  and  property  account $1,095,400.00 

10  two-three  ton  motor  trucks 28,925.00 

10  5-ton  dump  motor  trucks 47,833.25 

Automobiles  for  field  and  administration  use 13,295.00 

Operating  expenses,  salaries,  trucks,  parts,  etc 222,125.00 

Hospitals,  etc.: 

American  Ambulance  Hospital  expenses $400,000.00 

Nitrous  oxide  plant 35,000.00 

Nitrous  oxide  and  oxygen 11,898.90 

Ether 23,000.00 

Supplies  for  hospital  and  refugee  work 400,000.00 

117 


Hospital  funds  for  200  hospitals $200,000.00 

Purchase  of  1  tent  unit  with  1(30  beds  and  4  tent  units 

with  250  beds  each 121,100.00 

Contribution  to  hospitals  in  France  of  the  Scottish 

Women's  Hospitals  for  Home  and  Foreign  Service ...  50 ,000 .00 

Laboratory  supplies 1 13,400.00 

Ten  portable  ice-making  plants 70,200.00 

Relief  of  Nurses: 

Commutation  to  nurses  abroad 15,000.00 

Gray  uniforms  for  nurses 14,000.00 

Re-outfitting  nurses 15,000.00 

Other  appropriations: 

Foodstuffs 2,870,300.00 

Material  for  use  in  buildings, machinery, apparatus,  etc.        99,375.00 
Department  of  Engineering,  expenses,  shops,  machin- 
ery, ecc 129,317  00 

Aiding  in  work  of  Joint  Committee  of  American  and 

English  Friends  in  France 92,209.00 

Agricultural  implements  for  American  Friends'  Recon- 
struction Unit 15,000.00 

Medical,  dental  and  laboratory  supplies,  carpenter 
tools,  equipment  for  planing  mill  and  saw  mill  for 
use  in  France  of  American  Friends'  Reconstruction 

Unit 4,012.02 

Relief  of  mutiles 22,836.00 

Equipping  and  maintaining  model  Health  Center 1,000,000.00 

Infant  welfare  unit 18,350.00 

Blankets 820,000.00 

General  and  contingent  relief  funds 510,000.00 

Relief  of  sick  and  wounded  French  soldiers  and  families .   1 ,000 ,000 .00 
Material,  sheeting,  shoes,  and  trucks  for  warehouse 

service  in  France 235,000.00 

Tobacco ,  8,700.00 

Small  articles  similar  to  those  placed  in  comfort  bags, 
to  be  given  to  French  soldiers  at  Christmas  and  other 

times 73,525.00 

Medical  research 100,000.00 

Salary  of  Chaplain ,  N .  Y .  County  Base  Hospital  No .  1  2 ,400 .00 

Travelling  expenses,  salaries,  etc 10,000.00 

Norton-Harjes  Ambulance  in  Paris 8,500.00 

Investigation  and  relief  ser\'ice 8,650.00 

Donations  to  French  societies  for  military  relief 6,833.50 

Divided  as  follows: 

Mon  Soldat $5,190.00 

Societe  Declopes 1,038.00 

Russian  Volunteers  in  France 605.50 

Tj^ewriters  and  paper  for  use  in  France 5,626.80 

Administrative  expenses  of  Women's  War  Relief  Corps .        17,300 .00 

20  clamp  trucks 496.00 

Clothing,  hospital,  medical  and  other  supplies 1,350,351 .00 

Advance  purchase  of  general  stores  for  period  begin- 

ningNov.  1, 1917 4,325,000.00 

Total $15,609,958.47 

Grand  total  for  France 20,601,240.47 

lis 


I 


Before  appropriations  are  recommended  by  the  French  Com- 
mission they  are  carefully  prepared  by  the  director  of  the  par- 
ticular department  concerned.  They  are  then  considered  by  a 
Finance  Committee,  consisting  of: 

MAJOR  MURPHY,  Chairman 
J.  H.  PERKINS  WILLIAM  ENDICOTT 

H.  O.  BE  ATT  Y  RALPH  PRESTON 

CARL  TAYLOR  JOSEPH  R.  SWAN 

HOMER  FOLKS  JOHN  CROSBY  BROWN 

Three  of  this  committee  constitute  a  quorum,  and'  every 
appropriation  reported  must  receive  the  consent  of  all  present. 

After  appropriations  are  made,  the  money  is  expended  with 
great  care.     A  thorough  accounting  system  has  been  installed 
in  France,  and  the  whole  administration  there  is  economically, 
and  carefully  conducted.     Every  detail  of  the  work  done  in 
France  will  be  accounted  for  to  the  American  people. 

By  reason  of  the  magnitude  of  the  work  being  done  and  the 
importance  of  quick  action,  most  of  the  reports,  directions  and 
advices  must  be  made  by  cable.  To  facilitate  the  work  of  the 
French  commission,  the  French  government  has  arranged  that 
all  cables  from  Paris  shall  be  given  free  transmission.  Through 
the  generosity  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  a 
very  large  amount  of  free  cable  service  is  given  from  this  side, 
thus  greatly  facilitating  the  close  co-operation  on  an  economical 
basis  of  the  War  Council  and  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in 
France. 


110 


II 

BELGIUM 

Owing  to  difficulties  of  communication  and  transportation 
in  France,  a  special  department,  under  the  American  Red  Cross 
Commission  to  France,  has  been  formed  to  direct  all  Red  Cross 
activities  in  Belgium. 

Dr.  Ernest  P.  Bicknell,  formerly  Director-General  of  Civilian 
Relief  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  is  in  charge.  Assisting  him 
is  the  Rev.  John  Van  Schaick,  Pastor  of  the  Church  of  Our 
Father,  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  decision  of  the  Commission  to  separate  Belgian  relief 
work  from  that  in  France  was  made  after  several  audiences  of 
Major  Murphy  with  the  King  and  Queen  of  Belgium.  Head- 
quarters for  the  new  Department  are  at  Havre,  now  serving 
as  the  seat  of  the  Belgian  Government. 

Cordial  approval  of  the  plan  has  been  njade  by  Brand  Whit- 
lock,  United  States  Minister  to  Belgium,  in  a  letter  to  Major 
Murphy. 

"I  congratulate  you  and  the  Red  Cross  upon  this  very  wise 
decision,^'  wrote  Minister  Whitlock,  ^'I  know  that  it  is  particu- 
larly pleasing  to  the  Belgian  Government  as  another  proof  of 
the  interest  that  America  feels  toward  the  Belgian  cause. 

"It  will  be  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  have  Mr.  Bicknell  and 
Mr.  Van  Schaick,  both  of  whom  I  know  well,  here  at  the  seat 
of  the  Belgian  Government,  and  you  may  be  assured  that  I  will 
do  all  in  my  power  to  help  them  in  their  work  and  to  make  their 
residence  here  as  pleasant  as  possible." 

At  Havre,  Dr.  Bicknell  and  Mr.  Van  Schaick  will  keep  closely 
in  touch  with  the  many  relief  interests  of  King  Alberj}  and  Queen 
Elizabeth,  as  well  as  with  private  agencies.  They  will  ad- 
minister the  aid  which  the  Red  Cross  will  give  and  will  prepare 
the  way  for  future  operations  in  devastated  Belgium. 

Major  Murphy  has  made  a  journey  of  inspection  behind  the 
Belgian  lines  and  planned  a  general  program  of  reUef  which, 

120 


for  the  present,  is  to  include  financial  assistance  to  Belgian 
hospitals,  special  care  of  about  6,000  Belgian  children  in  co- 
operation with  the  Rockefeller  Foundation,  and  aid  to  Belgian 
villagers  who  recover  their  homes  as  the  Germans  retire. 


The  Work  for  the  Children 

'The  work  for  children,'*  Major  Murphy  cables,  "is  not  only 
one  of  the  finest  works  the  Red  Cross  could  undertake,  but  also 
one  of  the  most  effective  in  aiding  the  future  Belgium." 

Reconstruction  in  Belgian  towns  will  be  done  in  co-operation 
with  the  Belgian  Government.  When  a  village  is  recovered, 
the  burgomaster  and  his  assistants  and  a  picked  group  of  refugees 
are  allowed  to  begin  the  work  of  rehabilitation.  The  Red  Cross 
will  furnish  them  with  the  tools,  furniture,  seeds,  farm  animals, 
and  supplies  needed  to  help  refugees  get  on  their  feet.  As  fast 
as  the  work  progresses  the  government  will  return  other  refugees 
to  their  homes.  The  Red  Cross  will  thus  be  furnishing  in  each 
recovered  town  the  shelter  and  equipment  for  a  working  nucleus 
about  which  the  whole  community  can  gradually  be  restored. 

Appropriations  amounting  to  $720,001  have  been  made  from 
the  War  Fund  for  the  relief  of  Belgians  not  under  the  rule  of 
Germany.  Comprehensive  plans  were  outlined  in  conferences 
between  King  Albert  and  Major  Murphy.  Warehouses  and 
stores  are  to  be  erected  immediately  along  canals  and  high- 
ways in  Belgium  to  serve  as  centers  of  relief  distribution. 

Particular  attention  is  to  be  given  to  Belgian  children  and 
orphans,  who  have  been  the  chief  sufferers  during  the  three  years 
of  the  war.  The  Red  Cross  is  planning  to  aid  hostels,  estab- 
lished under  the  direction  of  the  Queen  of  Belgium,  for  the  care 
of  children  under  four  years  of  age.  Efforts  are  to  be  made  to 
see  that  the  schooling  of  these  children,  torn  from  their  homes, 
does  not  entirely  cease.  Many  are  in  continual  danger  so  long 
as  they  remain  near  the  battle  zone.  Six  hundred  children  from 
especially  dangerous  places  will  therefore  be  brought  to  France 
and  there  maintained  by  the  Red  Cross.  Refugee  Belgian  chil- 
dren, in  other  parts  of  France  and  Switzerland,  are  also  to  re- 
ceive the  special  care  of  the  American  Red  Cross. 

Included  in  the  appropriation,  also,  are  funds  for  the  opera- 
tion of  a  hospital  for  wounded  Belgian  soldiers,  and  for  a  part 
of  the  equipment  of  a  typhoid  hospital,  to  supplement  the  al- 
ready overtaxed  hospital  resources  of  the  Belgian  Government. 

121 


Ill 

ENGLAND 

The  work  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  England  is  directed 
by  William  Endicott,  Commissioner,  and  Edgar  H.  Wells, 
Deputy  Commissioner.  Mr.  Endicott,  of  Kidder,  Peabody  & 
Co.,  Boston,  is  an  overseer  of  Harvard  College  and  trustee  of 
several  Massachusetts  hospitals  and  the  Massachusetts  School 
for  The  Bhnd.  Mr.  Wells  was  formerly  Assistant  Dean  of 
Harvard  College. 

Owing  to  the  particularly  favorable  opportunities  enjoyed 
by  the  London  Chapter  for  the  shipment  of  suppHes  to  points 
behind  the  British  line  in  France  and  Belgium,  the  work  of  the 
Chapter  is  closely  correlated  with  that  of  the  Commission  for 
France,  and  is  guided  by  Major  Murphy.  Ambassador  Page 
.is  President  of  the  Chapter,  and  Mrs.  Whitelaw  Reid  is  Chair- 
man. 

The  London  Chapter  maintains  ^  distributing  service  for 
forwarding  hospital  garments,  dressings  and  other  supplies  to 
France  and  England.  In  the  past  four  months,  it  has  dis- 
tributed the  contents  of  509  cases  from  America  and  20,000 
articles  from  English  sources.  It  also  operates  a  workshop 
which  employs  at  present  about  2,000  women  in  London  and 
adjacent  cities  on  the  work  of  making  dressings,  bandages, 
splints,  pajamas,  dressing  gowns  and  other  hospital  necessities. 
About  one-third  of  the  present  force  is  American  and  two-thirds 
British. 

The  Chapter  also  maintains  the  St.  Catherine's  Lodge  Hos- 
pital for  Officers,  at  which  there  are  forty  beds  for  orthopedic 
cases.  The  house  and  equipment  were  given  by  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
William  A.  Salomon  of  New  York,  and  the  hospital  is  at  present 
conducted  by  two  American  orthopedic  surgeons,  with  Col. 
Sir  Robert  Jones,  the  great  Liverpool  orthopedist,  as  chief  con- 
sultant. 

Active  committees  of  the  Chapter  deal  with  comforts  for 

122 


soldiers,  with  the  distribution  of  books  for  American  soldiers 
and  sailors  in  France  and  on  the  high  seas,  and  with  entertain- 
ment for  officers  and  nurses  in  London.  A  well-equipped  and 
well-furnished  house  near  the  American  Embassy  is  maintained 
as  a  clubhouse  for  the  use  of  American  nurses  who  are  visiting  in 
London. 

Hospitals  in  England 

The  Red  Cross  Commission  is  beginning  hospital  work  of 
the  greatest  importance.  At  a  port  in  England,  a  hospital  is 
being  established  for  sick  American  soldiers  and 'sailors.  The 
Red  Cross  will  furnish  the  equipment  and  maintain  this  hos- 
pital, although  the  staff  will  be  detailed  from  the  Medical  Corps 
of  the  United  States  Army.  An  excellent  location  on  the  out- 
skirts of  the  city  has  been  furnished  to  the  American  Red  Cross 
at  a  nominal  rental  for  this  purpose.  It  is  expected  that  the 
hospital  will  be  in  active  service  within  a  few  weeks. 

The  American  Red  Cross  will  also  take  over  a  hospital  in 
South  Devon,  established  in  1914  and  supported  since  that 
time  by  the  American  Women's  War  Fund.  Although  meant 
primarily  for  English  soldiers,  this  hospital  will  be  available 
for  American  soldiers  in  emergency.  The  hospital  for  officers 
at  Lancaster.  Gate,  London,  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the 
best  in  the  city,  which  has  also  been  maintained  hitherto  by 
the  American  Women's  War  Fund,  will  henceforth  be  supported 
by  the  Red  Cross.  These  two  institutions  have  done  notable 
work  during  the  war. 

Co-operation  with  the  British  Red  Cross 

Most  agreeable  relations  exist  between  the  American  Red 
Cross  and  the  British  Red  Cross  Society  and  with  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. , 
both  British  and  American.  On  the  occasion  of  the  recent  cam- 
paign conducted  by  the  British  Red  Cross,  culminating  in  *'Our 
Day,"  the  American  Red  Cross  made  an  appropriation  of 
£200,000  to  be  expended  under  the  supervision  of  the  British 
organization,  which  was  warmly  received  by  the  Government 
and  by  the  British  public  generally.  The  appropriation  was 
divided  as  follows: 

£50,000  (about  $250,000)  for  relief  and  comforts  to  sick  and  wounded 
in  hospitals,  casualty  clearing  stations  and  on  lines  of  communications 
in  territories  where  British  Forces  are  fighting. 

123 


£50,000  (about  $250,000)  for  the  maintenance  of  British  Red  Cross 
auxiliary  hospitals  and  convalescent  homes  in  England. 

£100,000  (about  $500,000)  for  institutions  in  Great  Britain  for 
orthopedic  and  facial  treatment  and  for  general  restorative  ifork  for 
disabled  British  Soldiers. 

In  announcing  the  gift  to  the  British  Red  Cross,  Major 
Murphy  wrote  as  follows: 

May  I  express  the  peculiar  satisfaction  that  we  feel  in  making  this 
subscription?  From  the  standpoint  of  our  best  judgment  we  rejoice 
in  an  opportunity  to  assist  in  the  superb  work  that  you  are  doing  to 
relieve  suffering  and  distress.  But  in  a  larger  way  we  hope  you  will 
accept  our  contribution  as  an  earnest  of  the  desire  of  our  people  to 
begin  to  take  our  share  of  the  burden  of  the  war  which  your  forces 
have  waged  for  three  years  in  behalf  of  the  whole  civilized  world. 

The  King  expressed  his  appreciation  of  the  contribution  at 
an  audience  with  Major  Murphy  and  other  Red  Cross  repre- 
sentatives, and  the  Prime  Minister,  in  a  cordial  interview  with 
Commissioners  Endicott  and  Wells  and  Major  Murphy,  handed 
them  the  following  signed  expression  of  British  gratitude. 

I  should  like  personally  to  express  our  profound  appreciation  of  the 
action  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  contributing  $1,000,000  to  the 
funds  of  the  British  Red  Cross.  It  is  a  gift  characteristic  of  the  gener- 
ous and  friendly  heart  of  the  American  people.  It  will  bring  relief 
to  thousands  of  suffering  men  and  women,  and  will  be  a  further  means 
of  strengthening  the  real  understanding  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  which  the  former's  whole-hearted  entry  in  the  war 
for  liberty  has  created.  I  know  that  I  am  expressing  the  thought 
dominant  in  the  minds  of  my  fellow  countrymen  when  I  say  that  they 
will  always  remember  this  gift  with  gratitude. 

(Signed)  D.  Lloyd  George. 


124 


IV 
ITALY 

Late  in  July,  the  War  Council  dispatched  a  special  Red 
Cross  Commission  to  Italy.  The  purpose  of  the  commission 
was  to  advise  how  American  Red  Cross  activity  could  best  be 
exerted  to  meet  needs  of  the  suffering  soldiers  and  the  civilian 
population  of  that  country. 

This  was  the  fourth  Red  Cross  commission  to  go  to  Europe. 
It  was  headed  by  George  F.  Baker,  Jr.,  Vice-President  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  New  York  City.  With  Mr.  Baker 
went: 

JOHN  R.  MORRON, 

President  Atlas  Portland  Cement  Company, 
DR.  THOMAS  W.  HUNTINGTON, 

President  of  the  American  Surgical  Association. 
DR.  VICTOR  G.  HEISER, 

Of  the  United  States  Public  Health  Service. 
NICHOLAS  F.  BRADY, 

Central  Trust  Company,  New  York,  ^ 

Accompanying  the  commission,  also,  was  Chandler  R.  Post, 
Professor  of  Greek  and  Fine  Arts  at  Harvard  University  and 
one  of  the  leading  authorities  in  this  country  on  Italy. 

Through  the  American  Academy  in  Rome,  it  was  arranged 
that  the  commission  to  Italy  should  have  detailed  to  assist  it, 
Gorham  Phillips  Stevens,  Director  of  the  School  of  Fine  Arts, 
and  Charles  Upson  Clark,  of  Yale  University,  Director  of  the 
School  of  Classical  Studies,  both  of  whom  are  now  resident  in 
Rome. 

To  enable  this  commission  to  meet  the  more  urgent  needs 
which  might  be  found  to  exist,  an  emergency  appropriation  of 
S200,000  from  the  War  Fund  was  made  by  the  Red  Cross  War 
Council.  The  Commission  arrived  in  Rome  on  August  31.  It 
visited  Rome,  Naples,  Genoa,  Milan,  Florence,  Venice,  Bologna, 
Palermo,  Brindisi,  Bari,  Faranto,  Messina,  Lecce,  etc.  Two 
v/eeks  were  spent  at  the  front.  The  military  reverses  in 
November  cost  the  Italians  many  hospitals  and  much  material. 

An  additional  appropriation  of  $4,000  for  medical  supplies 

125 


has  been  made  by  the  War  Council  on  request  of  the  Commis- 
sion to  Italy.  Other  work  in  Italy  will  depend  upon  the  report 
of  this  Commission  as  to  how  such  efforts  can  best  be  made. 
The  Commission  has  completed  its  investigations,  and  re- 
turned to  the  United  States  late  in  October.  Members  of  the 
Commission  were  deeply  impressed  with  the  spirit  of  friendship 
for  America,  and  spoke  strongly  of  the  need  for  regular  and 
generous  assistance  from  America. 


Special  Aid  to  Italy 

The  Red  Cross  responded  promptly  to  the  emergency  created 
by  ^he  Italian  retreat.  The  War  Council,  in  the  following  tele- 
gram to  Ambassador  Page,  promised  that  every  effort  which 
the  Red  Cross  could  make  ^ould  be  applied  immediately  to  the 
relief  of  Italy: 

Please  advise  the  Government  and  people  of  Italy  that  the  American 
Red  Cross  is  organizing  an  operating  commission  to  proceed  to  Italy 
to  establish  permanent  headquarters  there  and  to  take  at  once  in  co- 
operation with  the  Italian  Government  every  practicable  step  to  alle- 
viate suffering  and  especially  extend  to  the  soldiers  and  civilian  popu- 
lation of  Italy  such  assurance  and  comfort  as  may  be  possible. 

To  that  end  and  acting  upon  the  recommendation  of  our  recently 
returned  Commission  to  Italy  an  appropriation  has  been  made  to 
develop  an  ambulance  service  and  to  operate  such  civilian  rehef  as  it 
may  be  feasible  to  extend  in  the  immediate  future.  Please  advise  the 
Government  and  people  of  Italy  that  it  is  the  desire  bi  the  American 
Red  Cross  that  nothing  which  can  be  done  shall  be  left  undone  to  assure 
the  people  of  Italy  in  their  present  sacrifice  and  heroism  of  the  cordial 
and  continued  support  in  every  p  >ssible  way  of  the  American  people. 

As  a  first  step  in  meeting  Italy's  needs,  the  War  Council  then 
authorized  the  United  States  Ambassador  to  Italy  to  draw  on 
the  Red  Cross  W^ar  Fund  for  any  amount  up  to  $250,000  for 
emergency  relief  work.  This  was  later  raised  to  $750,000.  Major 
Murphy,  immediately  after  the  Italian  reverses,  dispatched 
workers  to  Italy,  and  the  press  reports  indicate  that  American 
Red  Cross  aid  during  the  retreat  was  greatly  appreciated  by  the 
Italians. 

Major  Murphy  went  to  Italy  himself  early  in  November  to 
organize  the  relief  work.  Among  the  supplies  shipped  from 
Paris  for  quick  relief  were  2,000  mattresses,  8,000  blankets, 
10,000  pairs  of  socks,  and  a  generous  amount  of  other  bedding, 
clothing  and  medical  supplies. 

An  operating  commisssion  will  administer  the  work  of  the 
Red  Cross  there. 

126 


RUSSIA 

As  an  initial  step  in  carrjdng  out  its  declared  purpose  "to 
lo  something  immediately  to  hearten   afflicted   Russia/^   the 
'ar  Council  dispatched  to  Russia  the   American  Red   Cross 
Commission.     The  Commission  carried  with  it  three  carloads  of 
ledical  supplies  and  surgical  instruments  with  which  to  meet 
LOst  urgent  needs.     These  are  being  distributed  to  hospitals, 
istitutions  and  Red  Cross  organizations  in  Russia. 
The  Commission  was  composed  of  twelve  eminent  experts 
in   problems  of  medicine,   public   health,   business  and  social 
jervice.     The  primary  purpose  of  the  Commission  was  not  alone 
io  render  such  immediate  aid  as  it  might,  but  to^scertain  along 
broadest  possible  lines  in  what  manner  the  American  Hed 
'ross  could  extend  most  effectfve  renerto~the  wounded  soldiers 
tnd  the  dcmmIv  and  suffering  civilian  population  of  Russia.   "~ 
The  Commibsion  was  headed  by  Dr.  Frank  Billings,  of  Chi- 
cago, and  Mr.  William  B.  Thompson,  of  New  York. 

As  advisers  in  solving  the  problems  of  sanitation,  public 
health  and  social  service,  the  Commission  had  the  expert  assist- 
ance of: 

RAYMOND  ROBINS,  of  Chicago. 

DR.  J.  D.  McCarthy. 

Expert  in  Tuberculosis,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
PROFESSOR  E.  A.  WINSLOW,  of  Yale  University. 
DR.  GEORGE  C.  WHIPPLE, 

Professor  of  Sanitary  Engineering  of  Harvard  University. 

To  deal  with  general  medical  problems,  the  Commission  had 
the  services  of  its  chairman  and 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  S.  THAYER, 

Of  Johns  Hopkins  University. 
DR.  WILBUR  E.  POST,  of  Chicago. 

In  its  studies  how  best  to  assist  Russia  in  providing  adequate 
food  supplies  for  its  civiUan  population,  as  well  as  for  convalescent 
soldiers  and  prisoners,  the  Commission  has  had  the  assistance  of 

HAROLD  H.  SWIFT,  of  Chicago. 

Of  the  packing  firm  of  Swift  and  Company, 
PROFESSOR  HENRY  C.  SHERMAN, 

Of  Columbia  University. 

127 


In  co-operation  with  the  American  Railroad  Commission 
already  in  Russia,  the  Red  Cross  Commission  studied  the  prob- 
lems of  transportation,  especially  with  reference  to  maldng 
sure  that  shipments  of  relief  supplies  may  reach  destination 
without  delay.  For  this  special  work  the  Commission  had  as 
one  of  its  members; 

HENRY  J.  HORN. 

Formerly  Vice-President  of  the  New  Haven  Railroad, 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  the  members  of  the  Commission 
were: 

J.  W.  ANDREWS.  ALLEN  WARDWELL. 

H.  S.  BROWN.  DR.  ORRIN  S.  WIGHTMAN. 

THOMAS  THACHER. 

Accompanying  the  Commission  as  inspectors  and  attaches, 
were  the  following: 

R.  I.  BARR.  MALCOLM  PIRNIE. 

NORTON  C.  TRAVIS.  MALCOLM  GROW. 

WILLIAM  COCHRAN.  HARRY  B.  REDFIELD. 

WILLIAM  C.  NICHOLSON.  D.  HAYWARD  HARDY. 

CORNELIUS  KELLEHER.  H.  H.  WYCKOFF. 

Such  travelling  expenses  and  salaries  as  were  necessary  to 
pay  were  very  generously  borne  by  Mr.  William  B.  Thompson, 
himself  a  member  of  the  Commission.  A  large  number  of  the 
members  of  this,  as  well  as  other  commissions,  paid  their  own 
expenses,  in  addition  to  giving  their  time  free. 


The  Work  of  the  Commission 

All  along  its  route,  which  lay  through  Japan  and  Siberia, 
the  Red  Cross  Commission  was  warmly  welcomed.  At  Petro- 
grad  the  Commission  established  intimate  relations  with  Premier 
Kerensky.  It  has  worked  harmoniously  with  the  Administra- 
tion and  with  the  public  relief  organizations  of  Russia,  including 
the  Russian  Red  Cross  and  the  AU-Union  of  Zemstvos  and 
Towns,  which  it  induced  to  co-operate  not  only  with  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross  but  with  each  other.  The  Commission  has  al- 
ready extended  substantial  aid  to  the  Russian  Red  Cross  and 
has  made  a  painstaldng  study  of  the  entire  field  of  relief  work  in 
Russia. 

Dr.  Billings  and  ten  other  members  of  the  party  have  now 
returned  to  the  United  States,  leaving  a  permanent  organization 
with  headquarters  at  Petrograd  under  the  command  of  Lieut. - 
Colonel  William  B.  Thompson.  The  chief  warehouse  and  dis- 
tributing center  for  American  Red  Cross  supplies  has  been  lo- 

128  • 


I 


cated  at  Moscow,  from  which  railroads  radiate  to  the  battle 
front. 

The  Red  Cross  Commission  found  the  work  of  all  the  public 
rehef  organizations  of  Russia  excellent  and  reports  that  "the 
initiative  and  inventive  genius  shown  in  devising  appliances 
for  surgical  and  orthopedic  treatment  equals  or  surpasses  that 
of  any  hospital  in  America  known  to  any  member  of  the  Com- 
mission." The  excellent  work  of  the  Russian  Army  medical 
service  is  hampered,  however,  by  the  collapse  of  discipline  at 
the  front  and  the  lack  of  certain  drugs  and  surgical  supplies. 

The  work  of  the  American  Red  Cross  in  Russia  centers  chiefly 
on  the  medical  and  surgical  needs  of  the  army.  It  had  already 
forwarded  to  the  Russian  Red  Cross,  before  the  Commission 
started  for  Russia,  drugs  valued  at  $6,500.  The  Commission 
carried  with  it  suppHes  to  the  value  of  $116,280.87,  including 
among  other  articles  61  microscopes  and  45,000  slides;  4,600 
clinical  thermometers;  288  operating  knives;  23,000  lengths  of 
catgut;  1,700  ice  caps;  175,000  morphine  sulphate  tablets;  and 
200,000  antiseptic  tablets.  In  response  to  the  reports  from  the 
Commission  after  its  arrival  the  War  Council  has  appropriated 
$238,120  for  additional  shipments  of  drugs  and  surgical  supplies 
to  Russia. 

The  most  serious  supply  problem  which  will  this  winter  con- 
front Russia,  and  especially  Petrograd,  is  the  lack  of  food,  cloth- 
ing and  footwear.  A  large  number  of  Russians  have  already 
starved  as  a  result  of  the  war. 

There  is  enough  food  in  Russia.  T^  food^qtU^stipn,  in jfche 
opinion  of  the  Commission,  is  primarily  a  matter  of  transporta- 
tion and  economic  adjustment.  The  principal  opportunity  of 
the  American  Red  Cross  to  relieve  the  scarcity  of  food  lies  along 
the  lines  of  supplying  condensed  milk  and  other  concentrated 
foodstuffs  to  the  people  and  especially  the  children  of  the  larger 
cities. 

The  Red  Cross  has  therefore  authorized  the  purchase  of  con- 
densed milk  for  shipments  to  Russia  in  such  quantities  as  trans- 
portation can  be  secured  for.  *'This  will  mitigate  the  sufferings 
of  mothers,  invahds  and  children,"  the  Commission  reports,  ^'but 
no  external  help  may  hope  to  furnish  the  vast  food  supply  neces- 
sary for  the  large  civilian  population  in  Petrograd  and  Moscow 
and  the  famine-stricken  provinces." 

The  American  colony  in  Petrograd  generously  maintains  an 
American  hospital  which  the  American  Red  Cross  is  aiding  by 
a  small  monthly  gift.     Dental  outfits  have  also  been  provided 

129 


by  the  Red  Cross  for  Y.  M.  C.  A.  canteens  along  the  Russian 
war  front. 


Ambulances  for  Russia 

As  a  part  of  its  program  for  rendering  effective  assistance  to 
Russia,  the  American  Red  Cross  has  shipped  125  motor  ambu- 
lances and  automobiles  to  the  Red  Cross  Commission  in  Russia. 

Ambulances  are  acutely  needed  with  the  Russian  armies. 
On  the  Eastern  front  there  are  now  only  6,000  vehicles  for  the 
transportation  of  the  wounded,  while  on  the  French  front,  only 
a  third  as  long,  there  are  more  than  ten  times  as  many.  The 
automobiles  which  have  been  shipped  by  the  Red  Cross  will  equip 
one  Russian  army  corps  with  five  complete  ambulance  sections. 

In  view  of  the  conditions  now  obtaining  at  the  Russian  front 
the  Commission  recommends  that  these  cars  be  equipped  with 
sanitary  appliances  so  that  they  may  be  converted  from  ambu- 
lances to  sanitary  service  cars  as  needed. 

For  the  present,  personnel  for  ambulance  sections  will  not 
be  sent  to  Russia,  but  the  machines  will  be  operated  by  Russian 
drivers  under  the  direction  of  the  Red  Cross. 

Twelve  automobile  ambulances  and  one  motor  truck  for 
use  in  Russia  have  been  given  to  the  American  Red  Cross  by  the 
American  Jewish  Friends  of  Free  Russia.  Felix  Gouled,  Chair- 
man, and  S.  C.  Lamport,  Treasurer,  representing  the  organiza- 
tion, personally  appeared  before  the  Red  Cross  War  Council 
in  Washington  to  convey  this  generous  gift  for  relief  work  on  the 
Eastern  front. 

Under  the  direction  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  William  B.  Thomp- 
son, the  Red  Cross  in  Russia  is  energetically  continuing  its  work 
of  relief. 


130 


VI 
ROUMANIA 


On  July  22nd,  the  Red  Cross  War  Council  announced  the 
dispatch  of  a  Red  Cross  Commission  to  Roumania.  It  was 
headed  by  Henry  Watkins  Anderson,  of  Richmond,  Virginia. 
This  Commission  planned  to  undertake  at  once,  in  addition 
to  its  investigation  of  sanitary  and  health  conditions,  actual 
relief  work  among  the  Roumanian  refugees.  To  do  this  work, 
a  Red  Cross  medical  unit  of  twelve  doctors  and  twelve  nurses 
accompanied  the  Commission. 

Quantities  of  medical  supplies,  serums,  vaccines,  and  food- 
stuffs, urgently  needed  in  Roumania,  were  sent  with  the  Com- 
mission by  the  War  Council.  A  special  emergency  appropria- 
tion of  $200,000  from  the  War  Fund  was  voted  for  Roumanian 
relief. 

In  addition  to  Mr.  Anderson,  the  Chairman,  the  members 
of  the  Commission  to  Roumania  are: 


ARTHUR  GRAHAM  GLASGOW,  an  enscineer  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mr.   GlasRow  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  his  profession,  and  lias  lived  for  more 
than  twelve  years  in  London,  where  he  maintained  extensive  offices. 

DR.  FRANCIS  W.  PEABODY,  of  Boston, 

Who   represented   the    Rockefeller   Foundation   in    its   medical    investigation    in 
China. 

BERNARD  FLEXNER,  of  Chicago, 

A  lawyer  who  has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  many  sociological  movements  in 
the    Middle    West. 

DR.  H.  GIDEON  WELLS,  of  Chicago, 

Professor  of  Pathology  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

DR.  ROGER  GRTSWOLD  PERKINS,  of  Cleveland, 
Professor  of  Hygiene,   Western   Reserve   University. 

DR.  ROBERT  C.  BRYAN,  of  Richmond,  Virginia, 
Who  is  one  of  the  leading  surgeons  of  the  South. 

C.  T.  WILLIAMS,  of  Baltimore, 

Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Commission. 

As  attaches  and  aides,  COUNT  VLADIMIR  LEDOCHOWSKI,  FRANK  CONNES, 
and  C.  T.  EARNEST  accompanied  the  Commission. 

131 


Doctors  and  nurses  of  the  medical  unit  accompanying  the 
Commission  were: 


DR.  W.  D.  KIRKPATRICK, 

Bellingham,  Washington. 
DR.  RICHARD  PENN  SMITH, 
Fort  Loudon,  Pa. 

DR.  D.  J.  McCarthy, 

Davenport,  Iowa. 
DR.  GEORGE  Y.  MASSENBERG, 

Macon,  Ga. 
DR.  R.  H.  RULISON, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
DR.  C.  B.  HAMILTON, 

Syracuse,  N.  Y, 
DR.  BENJAMIN  EARL  LE  MASTER 

Macomb,  111. 
DR.  E.  F.  HIRD, 

Bound  Brook,  N.  J. 
DR.  W.  T.  LOWE, 

Pine  Bluff,  Ark. 
DR.  JOSEPH  P.  GRUENER, 

Chicago,  111. 
DR.  GEORGE  DURO  GUCA, 

Chicago,  111. 
DR.  WM.  J.  t^UCERA, 

New  Prague,  Minn. 
DR.  MORRIS  DAVIDSON, 

New  Yorl^City. 


DR.  GERHARD  B.  SCHRIBMAN, 

New  York  City. 
FLORENCE  PATTERSON,  Head  Nurse 

Washington,  D.  C. 
RACHEL  C.  TORRANCE. 

New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
KATHERINE  OLMSTEAD, 

Milwaukee,  Wis. 
ALMA  FORESTER, 

Chicago,  111. 

ALICE  GILBOURNE, 
Chicago,  111. 

B.  M.  GOSLING, 
New  York  City. 

M.  A.  BROWNELL. 
New  York  City. 

J.  B.  DONALD, 
Bellingham,  Wash. 

MARY  McINTYRE, 
Chicago,  111. 

A.  H.  ROWLAND, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

LINDA  K.  MEIRS, 
New  York  City. 


Wounds  Dressed  with  Sawdust 

The  appaUing  conditions  prevailing  in  Roumania  are  sketched 
in  the  cable  received  from  Henry  W.  Anderson,  chief  of  the 
American  Red  Cross  Commission  to  Roumania,  on  his  arrival 
in  Petrograd  on  his  way  to  Roumania.     The  cable  reads* 


After  conference  with  the  American  Ambassador,  Dr.  Billings 
(American  Red  Cross  Commissioner  to  Russia) ,  the  Roumanian  min- 
ister, and  persons  just  returned  from  Roumanian  front,  I  find  that 
conditions  there  urgently  require  immediate  shipment  of  supplies — 
medicines,  surgical  instruments,  hospital  supplies,  bandages,  bed  linen, 
clothes  for  patients,  collodion,  wax  paper,  iodine. 

Woimds  are  now  being  dressed  with  sawdust . 

Nails  are  needed  for  building  protection  sheds.  Food  is  available, 
except  delicacies  for  hospitals. 

We  are  advised  that  urgent  need  exists  for  ambulance  transports, 
with  drivers  and  mechanics.  Roumanian  railways  are  badly  crippled 
and  it  is  impossible  to  make  repairs. 

Deem  it  very  important  here  to  render  relief  liberally.  Would 
arrange  immediate  shipment  supplies,  especially  those  named,  to  cope 
with  present  heavy  needs  of  wounded  and  avoid  threatened  typhus 
epidemic  this  winter. 


132 


Supplies  of  All  Kinds  Needed 

Further  messages  from  the  Commission,  which  has  begun 
its  work  with  headquarters  at  Jassy,  the  war  capital  of  Rou- 
mania,  confirm  the  fact  that  Roumania's  need  of  supplies  of 
many  kinds  is  desperate.     Mr.  Anderson  cables: 

Military  hospitals  urgently  need  mattresses,  pillows,  bed  linen,  bed 
shirts,  surgical  and  medical  supplies,  all  kinds,  large  quantities,  none 
obtainable  here;  have  cabled  detailed  list  indispensable  needs. 

Civil  population  worse  condition,  three  million  in  territory  inhabited 
by  one  million,  no  clothing,  no  shoes  or  material  for  same,  obtainable 
any  price.  Eighteen  thousand  orphans  registered,  probably  many 
more,  all  without  clothes  or  shoes  any  kind  for  winter. 

The  War  Council  has  therefore  made  appropriations  of 
$1,271,142.76  from  the  War  Fund  for  the  purchase  of  medical 
supplies,  clothing,  equipment  and  foodstuffs  for  shipment  to 
Roumania.  An  appropriation  of  $400,000  has  also  been  made 
for  the  purchase  of  selected  goods  from  a  cargo  containing 
clothing,  shoes,  coffee,  etc.,  which  was  available  at  Archangel. 
This  purchase  makes  it  possible  to  send  supplies  to  Roumania 
very  much  more  quickly  than  would  otherwise  be  possible. 


133 


VII 


SERBIA 

Late  in  August,  the  War  Council  of  the  American  Red  Cross 
was  able  to  announce  the  sending  of  a  commission  to  Serbia  to 
begin  immediate  rehef  work  in  that  stricken  country  and  to 
help  its  scattered  population  in  the  struggle  against  privation 
and  disease. 

The  Red  Cross  had  done  much  relief  work  in  Serbia  before 
the  appointment  of  the  War  Council.  Early  last  spring,  in 
response  to  a  request  from  the  Serbian  Government,  Dr.  Edward 
W.  Ryan,  formerly  head  of  the  American  hospital  in  Belgrade, 
went  to  Saloniki  to  organize  the  sanitary  and  relief  work  of 
Serbia.  His  work  was  to  organize  a  war  relief  clearing  house 
at  Saloniki  and  to  co-ordinate  and  develop  rehef  work  in  and 
about  Saloniki  now  carried  on  through  American  effort.  The 
work  has  necessarily  been  limited  to  the  territory  behind  the 
Allied  hues  north  of  Saloniki. 

In  the  districts  under  Dr.  Ryan's  supervision,  though  small 
as  compared  with  the  whole  of  Serbia,  the  demands  upon  Amer- 
ican relief  resources  have  been  large.  Around  Saloniki  there 
have  been  thousands  of  refugees,  reduced  by  the  privations  of 
more  than  two  years  of  war  to  conditions  even  worse  than  those 
in  Belgium  and  Roumania.  Many  of  them  have  been  depen- 
dent upon  rehef  given  by  America.  Next  to  Belgium  and 
France,  the  chief  center  of  American  relief  work  abroad  has  been 
Serbia.  The  American  Red  Cross  maintained  a  base  hospital 
in  Belgrade  before  the  Teuton-Bulgar  invasion,  and  with  the 
aid  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  undertook  the  battle  against 
typhus. 

Cordenio  Arnold  Severance,  of  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  headed 
the  special  Red  Cross  Commission  to  Serbia. 

134 


Deputy  Commissioners  \s 


DR.  SEVERANCE  BURRAGE. 

Sanitarian,  formerly  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 

DR.  FREDERICK  T.  LORD. 
Physician,  of  Baston. 

DR.  EUGENE  A.  CROCKETT. 
Surgeon,  of  Boston. 

FATHER  FRANCIS  JAGER. 

University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis. 

JOHN  W.  FROTHINGHAM.  New  York  City. 
W.  A.  W.  STEWART,  New  York  City. 
L.  D.  WISHARD,  Pasadena,  California. 

EDWIN  D.  HASKELL. 

Minneapolis,  Minn.,  Secretary. 


The  sum  of  $200,000  was  appropriated  by  the  War  Council 
to  buy  medical  and  other  supplies  for  use  in  the  discretion  of  the 
Commission. 


The  Story  of  War-torn  Serbia 

This,  the  fifth  of  the  Red  Cross  commissions,  went  to  study 
a  problem  acknowledged  as  one  of  the  most  formidable  in  Europe. 
There  is  hardly  a  family  in  Serbia  that  has  not  been  uprooted 
and  torn  from  its  home,  and  few  that  have  not  lost  some  member 
on  the  battlefield.  What  have  been  the  nation's  losses  during 
the  past  few  years  of  bloodshed  cannot  be  estimated.  From 
an  army  of  nearly  half  a  million  at  the  beginning  of  the  war, 
over  a  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  are  estimated  to  have 
been  taken  prisoners  by  the  Central  Powers  and  are  suffering 
from  malnutrition  in  prison  camps.  Many  thousands  were  lost 
in  the  retreat  through  Albania. 

The  civilian  population  has  suffered  as  greatly  as  the  army. 
It  has  been  harried  over  the  face  of  Europe.  One  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  fatherless  Serbian  families,  it  is  estimated,  are 
facing  destitution  in  various  countries.  Refugees  in  Russia, 
Roumania,  Greece,  Italy,  France  and  Switzerland  number  over 
thirty  thousand. 

The  pressing  needs  of  Serbia  have  been  laid  before  the  War 
Council  by  Dr.  Edward  Ryan,  Red  Cross  representative  at 
Saloniki,  and  by  Miss  Emily  Simmonds,  graduate  of  Roosevelt 
Hospital,  New  York,  who  enlisted  in  the  Serbian  Red  Cross  in 
1914  and  has  since  then  assisted  in  the  relief  of  thousands  of 
refugees. 

135 


Miss  Simmonds  urged  the  dispatch  of  food,  clothing,  band- 
ages, blankets,  seeds,  agricultural  tools,  as  well  as  doctors  and 
nurses.     In  her  informal  report  to  the  Red  Cross,  she  said: 

''There  were  only  400  doctors  in  all  Serbia  at  the  beginning 
of  the  war,  and  the  death  rate  has  been  high.  Sixty  died  of 
typhus  alone  in  January  and  February  of  1915.  There  are  116 
doctors  now  in  the  army,  but  only  one  dentist.  Women  doc- 
tors are  especially  needed  for  maternity  work  in  the  villages. 
One  doctor  in  a  small  car  could  furnish  medical  supervision  for 
several  villages.  A  system  of  soup  kitchens  in  the  villages  is 
an  absolute  necessity  if  famine  is  not  to  make  good  its  threats 
this  winter.'^ 


Disaster  Relief  in  Saloniki 

A  recent  newspaper  dispatch  from  Saloniki  reports: 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  established  a  record  for  efficiency 
according  to  Gen.  Sarrail,  commander-in-chief  of  the  Allied  forces 
on  the  Macedonian  front,  and  British  officials  have  taken  over  the 
relief  work,  which  the  Americans  began,  for  the  people  ma^e  destitute 
in  the  recent  fire. 

Within  twelve  hours  after  the  fire  started  Dr.  Edward  W.  Ryan, 
of  the  American  Red  Cross,  had  41  soup  kitchens  in  full  operation  and 
thereafter  fed  2,000  persons  daily.  This  was  the  first  relief  work 
started,  and  was  hours  before  other  relief  measures  were  under  way. 

A  cargo  of  foodstuffs,  clothing,  medical  supplies,  etc., 
originally  consigned  to  Beirut  by  the  American  Committee  for 
Armenian  and  Syrian  Relief,  which  could  not  be  delivered,  was 
purchased  by  the  American  Red  Cross  in  the  harbor  of  Alexan- 
dria. These  supplies  have  now  been  forwarded  to  Dr.  Ryan 
at  Saloniki  to  be  used  in  relief  which  was  made  urgently  neces- 
sary by  the  fire.  Warehouse  facilities  at  Saloniki  were  provided 
through  the  courtesy  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of  New 
York. 

Supplies  for  Serbia 

The  Red  Cross  has  shipped  5,000  bags  of  flour  for  Serbians 
in  Austrian  prison  camps.  This  is  the  first  shipment  of  a  series 
of  purchases  of  food  and  other  supplies  which  the  Red  Cross,  in 
co-operation  with  the  Serbian  Government,  is  making.  The 
Serbian  Minister  has  deposited  $1,000,000  to  the  credit  of  the 
Red  Cross  for  the  purchase  of  these  supplies. 

136 


The  Allies  must  provide  living  necessities  for  their  soldiers 
rho  are  captured,  because  the  Central  Powers  do  not  provide 
prisoners  of  war  with  sufficient  food  to  keep  them  in  good  health. 
The  shipments  go  to  the  Serbian  Consul  at  Marseilles,  and  thence 
through  the  Serbian  section  of  the  Bureau  de  Secours  at  Berne, 
Switzerland,  to  prison  camps  in  Austria. 

For  use  among  Serbian  refugees  and  in  the  Serbian  Army, 
the  Red  Cross  is  sending  to  Saloniki  10,000  pairs  of  men's, 
women's  and  children's  shoes,  10,000  blankets,  10,000  pairs  of 
stockings  with  woollen  yarn  for  10,000  more  pairs,  5,000  suits 
of  underwear,  and  50  Army  dental  field  kits. 

Commissioner  Severance  reports  a  special  need  for  dental 
service,  and  a  further  appropriation  has  therefore  been  made 
to  cover  the  purchase  of  ten  complete  sets  of  dental  equipment, 
including  chairs,  which  are  to  be  mounted  on  automobiles  for 
service  along  the  Army  front  and  also  among  the  civilians  back 
of  the  lines.  Dentists  are  being  sent  from  the  United  States 
to  handle  this  work. 

A  small  hospital  for  the  civilian  population  of  Vodena,  Greece, 
where  the  Red  Cross  is  feeding  2,500  refugees,  is  to  be  established 
shortly.  A  building  has  been  secured  without  cost  for  this  work, 
which  will  be  almost  entirely  for  the  benefit  of  women  and  chil- 
dren. 


137 


VIII 


RELIEF  IN  ARMENIA 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing  activities,  the  War  Council  has 
appropriated  $1,800,000,  to  be  expended  for  relief  work  in  the 
Near  East,  through  the  American  Committee  for  Armenian 
and  Syrian  Relief.  This  appropriation  is  intended  to  cover 
the  period  ending  January  1,  1918. 

The  American  Committee  is  the  only  organization  outside 
of  the  Red  Crescent  (controlled  by  the  Turkish  Government), 
which  is  allowed  to  administer  relief  in  certain  portions  of  the 
Turkish  Empire.  The  American  Committee's  field  of  operations 
includes  not  only  Asia  Minor  and  those  portions  of  Armenia 
and  Syria  that  are  in  the  Ottoman  Empire,  but  it  also  includes 
a  large  section  of  Armenia  now  dominated  by  the  Russian  army, 
as  well  as  the  Russian  Caucasus,  Persia,  Mesopotamia  and  por- 
tions of  Egypt,  into  which  refugees,  Armenian,  Syrian  and  Greek, 
have  fled  in  large  numbers. 

The  making  of  appropriations  for  relief  in  the  Near  East  is 
in  accord  with  the  policy  of  the  Red  Cross  to  co-operate  with 
relief  agencies  in  the  theatre  of  war  to  the  end  that  there  shall 
be  the  utmost  aid  accorded,  while  overlapping  of  effort  is  as  far 
as  possible  avoided.  The  appropriation  is  made  upon  applica- 
tion of  James  L.  Barton,  Chairman,  and  C.  V.  Vickrey,  Secre- 
tary, respectively,  of  the  American  Committee  for  Armenian 
and  Syrian  Relief,  and  after  investigation  and  approval  by  the 
Red  Cross  Committee  on  Co-operation. 


13S 


IX 


CARE  FOR  AMERICAN  PRISONERS  IN 
GERMANY 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  perfected  plans  to  care  for 
Americans  who  may  be  captured  and  held  in  German  prison 
camps.  A  Prisoners'  Relief  Committee  has  iDeen  organized  at 
Berne,  Switzerland,  under  the  supervision  of  Ellis  L.  Dresel,  of 
the  American  Legation.  Mr.  Dresel  served  from  the  outbreak 
of  the  war  in  1914  up  to  the  breaking  of  diplomatic  relations 
as  an  attache  of  the  American  Embassy  at  Berlin,  where  his 
duties  included  relief  work  for  men  of  the  entente  nationalities 
in  German  prison  camps. 

While  only  about  100  American  prisoners  are  held  in  Germany 
today,  comprehensive  plans  have  been  worked  out  for  the  care 
of  all  Americans  who  may  be  taken  prisoners.  Most  of  the 
prisoners  now  in  Germany  are  civilians  taken  off  American  mer- 
chantmen sunk  by  Teuton  submarines.  More  recent  arrivals 
in  the  prison  camps  are  members  of  the  American  Expeditionary 
Force  or  had  served  as  gun  crews,  since  the  arming  of  our  mer- 
chant ships. 

Speedy  provision  for  their  relief  and  for  those  who  may  be 
taken  prisoner  is  necessitated  by  the  German  policy  of  giving 
prisoners  war  food  totally  inadequate  to  keep  men  in  good  health. 
The  extremely  high  death  rate  among  Russian,  Serbian  and 
Roumanian  prisoners  in  Germany  and  Austria  (30  per  cent,  in 
the  case  of  the  Roumanians)  has  been  largely  due  to  the  in- 
ability of  Russia  and  the  Balkan  States  to  organize  the  ration- 
ing of  prisoners  of  their  nationalities  from  their  home  countries. 

A  recent  cable  dispatch  from  Paris  tells  of  a  French  soldier 
just  back  from  a  German  prison  camp  and  in  the  last  stage  of 
tuberculosis.  This  soldier  was  one  of  a  battalion  of  a  thousand 
young  and  healthy  men  captured  in  a  body,  early  in  the  war. 
More  than  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  number  are  now  dead,  or  have 
been  returned  to  France,  via  Switzerland,  as  incurables. 

139 


Malnutrition,  no  less  than  unsanitary  conditions,  produces 
these  results.  British,  Canadian  and  Australian  prisoners  of 
war  in  Germany  now  depend  exclusively  upon  food  shipped  to 
them  from  London,  and  generally  give  the  prison  camp  ration 
to  prisoners  of  other  countries,  who  are,  as  a  rule,  less  well  pro- 
vided for.  Bread  is  already  being  dispatched  from  Berne  to  the 
Americans  in  Germany,  and  arrangements  have  also  been  made 
for  transmitting  letters  and  money  from  their  families  and  friends 
in  this  country.  A  complete  scheme  for  sustaining  prisoners  is 
now  being  worked  out  jointly  by  the  War  and  Navy  Department 
and  the  Red  Cross. 

Thus  far  only  bread  has  been  supplied  by  the  Berne  Commit- 
tee of  the  American  Red  Cross.  Assorted  food  parcels  and 
clothing  will  also  be  forwarded  soon.  In  the  meantime  the 
Central  Prisoners  of  War  Committee  of  London  is  acting  on 
behalf  of  American  prisoners  in  Germany,  sending  them  such 
foods  as  the  Committee  regularly  dispatches  to  British  and 
colonial  prisoners. 

By  arrangement  with  Germany,  these  food  parcels  are  sent 
to  the  prisoner  three  times  a  fortnight.  Each  of  them  contains 
ten  pounds  of  meat,  butter,  sugar,  jam,  coffee  or  tea,  salt,  rice, 
and  dried  fruit.  The  American  Red  Cross  is  forwarding  to 
Berne  stocks  of  the  same  foodstuffs,  as  well  as  cheese,  evaporated 
milk,  codfish,  and  mixed  biscuit.  Twenty-five  tons  of  food- 
stuffs have  been  sent  to  Berne  for  the  American  Red  Cross,  and 
a  recent  appropriation  covers  the  cost  of  75  tons  more.  It  is 
expected  that  sufficient  food  to  sustain  a  considerable  number 
of  men  for  several  months  will  have  been  accumulated  in  Berne 
before  American  troops  begin  active  service  on  the  fighting 
front. 

Already  the  Navy  Department  has  shipped  100  outfits  of 
clothing  for  the  interned  seamen  in  Germany;  and  the  Quarter- 
master General's  Department,  85  cases  of  clothing  for  soldiers 
and  interned  civiUans.  Foodstuffs,  so  far  provided,  have  been 
purchased  by  the  American  Red  Cross.  Arrangements  have  been 
completed  whereby  the  War  and  Navy  Departments  will  deUver 
to  the  American  Red  Cross  in  Paris  proper  rations  and  clothing. 
These  will  be  forwarded  to  the  several  prison  camps  by  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross  Committee  at  Berne,  of  which  Ellis  L.  Dresel, 
of  the  American  Legation,  is  head. 

Ninety-five  per  cent,  of  the  British  packages  sent  into  Ger- 
many, with  postal  card  receipts  to  be  mailed  back  by  the  prisoner, 

140 


have  been  duly  receipted  for.  The  American  Red  Cross,  also, 
will  enclose  postal  cards,  as  a  means  of  making  sure.that  Amer- 
ican prisoners  do  actually  receive  the  food  parcels. 


141 


APPROPRIATIONS 

For  Europe  Outside  of  France 

A  complete  recapitulation  follows  of  the  appropriations  made 
from  the  War  Fund  by  the  American  Red  Cross  for  work  in 
Europe  outside  of  France: 


Russia: 

Drugs $    6,500.00 

Medical  Supplies 316,280.87 

Ambulance  Unit  No.  1 31,400.00 

Powdered  opium  for  hospital  use 38,120.00 

Condensed  milk 351,000.00 

Foodstuffs 8,640.00 

Shoes 607,500.00 

Total $1,359,440.87 


Roumania: 

Relief  fund  and  medical  supplies $200,000.00 

Expenses  of  Commission  to  Roumania .  .        47,000.00 
Clothing,  medical  and  hospital  supplies, 
foodstuffs,    equipment,     wax    paper, 
nails,  etc 1,271,398.76 

Total $1,518,398.76 


Italy: 

Relief  fund  and  medical  suppHes $200 ,000 .00 

Additional  medical  supplies 4,000.00 

Expenses  of  Commission  to  Italy 10,000.00 

Total *$214,000.00 

*  Since  this  summary  waa  prepared  the  War  Council  has  appropriated  $750,000  for  emergency 
relief  in  Italy. 

142 


Serbia: 

Emergency  relief  fund $200,000.00 

Condensed    milk    for    Serbian    Military 

Hospital 6,000.00 

Cargo  of  foodstuffs,    clothing,    medical 

supplies,  etc.,  purchased 138,673.76 

Shoes,  blankets,  stockings,  yarn,  under- 
wear, and  dental  kits 113,670.00 

Hospital  at  Vodena,  Greece 5,000.00 

Dental  equipment 12,960.00 

Underwear  and  socks  for  Serbian  recruits 

in  Canada 400.00 

Expenses  of  Commission  to  Serbia 16,500.00 

Total $493,203.76 


Belgium: 

Storehouses  for  supplies,  barges,  auto- 
mobiles, etc.  for  distribution  of  sup- 
plies   $86,500.00 

Food ,  clothing ,  and  supplies  for  relief ....  173 ,000 .00 

Addition  to  a  school  for  Belgian  children. .  17,300.00 

Relief  of  600  children  in  Belgium 103,800.00 

Relief  of  Belgian  children  in  France  and 

Switzerland 216,250.00 

Aid  in  construction  of  hospital  for  Belgian 

soldiers 86,500.00 

Aid  in  establishing  new  hospital  for  ty- 
phoid patients 2,007.00 

Barracks  for  a  Belgian  soldiers'  canteen . .  3,460.00 

Adding  to  facilities  of  a  refuge  for  Belgian 

boys 3.504.00 

Emergency  fund 17,300.00 

Operating  expenses ,  salaries  and  wages ...  10 ,380 .00 

Total $720,001.00 


England: 

Surgical  supplies  sent  to  London  Chapter 

American  Red  Cross $3,800.00 

Budget  of  London  Chapter 69,020.00 

Blankets,  books  and  absorbent  cotton  for 

relief  work  of  London  Chapter 35,700.00 

Expenses  Commission  to  Great  Britain. . .  5,000.00 
Contribution  to  British  Red  Cross,  for 
relief  and  comforts  to  siek  and  wounded 
in  hospitals,  maintenance  of  British 
Red  Cross  auxiliary  hospitals  and  con- 
valescent homes,  orthopedic  and  facial 
treatment  and  restorative  work  for  dis- 
abled British  soldiers 953,000.00 


Total.,,  ...': $1,066,520.00 

143 


Other  Appropriations: 

Armenian-Syrian  relief $1,800,000.00 

Relief  of  Americans  in  Germany.    ,         .  20,000.00 

International  Red  Cross,  Geneva.  29,800.00 

Equipment  for  foreign  commissions .    ...  25,000.00 
Freight,   etc.,   on  apparatus   purchased 

from  restricted  funds 1,000.00 

Foodstuffs  for  American  prisoners  in  Ger- 
many   37,212.00 


Total $1,913,012.00 

In  addition  to  these  appropriations  from  the  War  Fund  the 
sum  of  $1,417,625.74,  received  by  the  Red  Cross  for  designated 
purposes,  has  been  applied  in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the 
donors. 


It  will  thus  appear  that  the  War  Council  has  made 
appropriations  from  the  War  Fund  as  follows : 

In  the  United  States $  3,310,216.60 

In  France 20,601,240.47 

In  other  countries 7,284,576.39 

Designated  Funds 1,417,625.74 

$32,613,659.20 
Advances  for  purchase  of  materials 
for  chapters  (to  be  repaid) 7,659,000.00 

Grand  Total $40,272,659.20 

The  greater  part  of  these    appropriations  have  been  made  for 
expenditure  prior  to  January  1,  1918. 


Respectfully  submitted, 

RED  CROSS  WAR  COUNCIL, 
Henry  P.  Davison, 
Chairman. 

Charles  D.  Norton, 
John  D.Ryan, 
Grayson  M.-P.  Murphy, 
Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  Jr. 

Ex-officio: 

William  H.Tapt, 
Eliot  Wadsworth. 
November  1,1917. 


144 


To  the  Public 

Attacks  upon  the  methods  and  motives  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  have  become  so  persistent  and  widespread  that  it  is  im- 
portant that  the  people  of  the  United  States  appreciate  the 
gravity  of  the  situation  and  the  actual  facts.  As  long  ago  as 
October  15,  Harvey  D.  Gibson,  General  Manager  of  the  Red 
Cross,  had  the  following  telegram  sent  to  all  Red  Cross  Division 
Managers: 

It  is  evident  that  rumors  and  innuendoes,  critical  of  and  calculated 
to  embarrass  the  Red  Cross,  are  being  industriously  circulated  as  part 
of  an  anti-patriotic  propaganda.  In  so  far  as  such  statements  or  ques- 
tions are  merely  efforts  to  obtain  information  they  should  be  earnestly 
and  sincerely  met,  but  many  of  the  stories,  utterly  unwarranted  in 
fact,  emanate  simultaneously  from  too  many  different  parts  of  the 
country  to  be  merely  accidental. 

The  misrepresentations  have  taken  many  forms.  Mr.  Gibson 
found  that  one  story,  in  particular,  had  gained  a  very  wide  cur- 
rency and  issued  the  following  statement  to  the  public: 

A  story  is  being  circulated  to  the  effect  that  sweaters,  socks,  and 
other  articles  knitted  for  the  Red  Cross  are  being  sold,  either  to  the 
public  in  shops  or  direct  to  the  soldiers.  This  is  emphatically  not  true. 
No  articles  whatever,  either  knitted  or  otherwise  made  by  Red  Cross 
workers  and  turned  into  any  Red  Cross  Chapter,  Branch  or  Auxiliary, 
or  to  any  supply  warehouse,  are  sold  either  to  the  soldiers  or  in  shops. 

If  any  wilful  case  of  this  sort  should  come  to  the  attention  of  head- 
quarters, the  Charter  of  the  Red  Cross  Chapter  or  subsidiary  sanc- 
tioning it  would  be  immediately  withdrawn  with  full  publicity.  Should 
it  transpire  that  an  actual  instance  of  the  above  character  occurred 
wherein  an  individual  sold  articles  after  their  having  been  turned  in 
to  the  Red  Cross,  such  action  would  be  clearly  in  violation  of  the  funda- 
mental law  covering  the  Red  Cross,  and  we  would  take  vigorous  steps 
to  prosecute  the  offender. 

It  is  also  true  that  any  case  of  persons,  other  than  those  acquiring 
the  right  prior  to  January,  1905,  using  the  name  or  emblem  of  the  Red 
Cross  to  assist  in  the  sale  of  merchandise,  is  a  violation  of  the  provisions 
of  the  federal  criminal  law,  and  the  offender  should  be  reported  to  the 
United  States  district  attorney  for  prosecution. 

There  is  no  way  to  prevent  people  from  making  the  same  type  of 
articles  as  are  produced  by  Red  Cross  workers  and  selling  them  for 
their  own  advantage,  thus  subjecting  the  Red  Cross  to  unjust  criticism. 
Should  they  use  the  name  or  emblem  of  the  Red  Cross  in  connection 
with  such  sales,  however,  they  will  be  vigorously  prosecuted. 
/ 


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